[1] | Mech LD, Boitani L (2003) Wolf social ecology. In: Mech LD, Boitani L, editors. Wolves: behavior, ecology, and conservation. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 1–34.
|
[2] | Musiani M, Boitani L, Paquet P (2010) The world of wolves: new perspectives on ecology, behaviour and management. Calgary: University of Calgary Press.
|
[3] | Aggarwal RK, Ramadevi J, Singh L (2003) Ancient origin and evolution of the Indian wolf: evidence from mitochondrial DNA typing of wolves from Trans-Himalayan region and Pennisular India. Genome Biology 4: P6.
|
[4] | Aggarwal RK, Kivisild T, Ramadevi J, Singh L (2007) Mitochondrial DNA coding region sequences support the phylogenetic distinction of two Indian wolf species. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 45: 163–172. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2006.00400.x
|
[5] | Sharma DK, Maldonaldo JE, Jhala YV, Fleischer RC (2004) Ancient wolf lineages in India. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B (Biology Letters Supplement) 271: S1–S4. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2003.0071
|
[6] | Ishiguro N, Inoshima Y, Shigehara N (2009) Mitochondrial DNA analysis of the Japanese wolf (Canis lupus hodophilax Temminck, 1839) and comparison with representative wolf and domestic dog haplotypes. Zoological Science 26: 765–770. doi: 10.2108/zsj.26.765
|
[7] | Nowak RM (2003) Wolf evolution and taxonomy. In: Mech LD, Boitani L, editors. Wolves: behavior, ecology, and conservation. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 239–258.
|
[8] | Ognev SI (1923) [Materials on systematics of Russian mammals]. Biologicheskiye Izyestiya, Zoologiya 1: 102–117 [In Russian].
|
[9] | Sykes WH (1831) Catalogue of the Mammalia of Dukun (Deccan); with observations on the habits, etc., and characters of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1830–1831: 99–106.
|
[10] | Sillero-Zubiri C, Hoffmann M, Macdonald DW, editors (2004) Canids: foxes, wolves, jackals and dogs. Status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN.
|
[11] | Cabrera A (1907) Los lobos de Espa?a [Wolves of Spain]. Boletín de la Real Sociedad Espa?ola de Historia Natural 7: 193–198 [In Spanish].
|
[12] | Altobello G (1921) Mammiferi. IV. Carnivori. In: Fauna dell’Abruzzo e del Molise. [Mammals. IV. Carnivores. In: Fauna of Abruzzo and Molise]. Campobasso: Coletti. 38–45 [In Italian].
|
[13] | Lucchini V, Galov A, Randi E (2004) Evidence of genetic distinction and long-term population decline in wolves (Canis lupus) in the Italian Apennines. Molecular Ecology 13: 523–536. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2004.02077.x
|
[14] | Randi E (2011) Genetics and conservation of wolves Canis lupus in Europe. Mammal Review 41: 99–111. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2010.00176.x
|
[15] | Pilot M, Greco C, vonHoldt BM, J?drzejewska B, Randi E, et al. (2014) Genome-wide signatures of population bottlenecks and diversifying selection in European wolves. Heredity. In press. doi:10.1038/hdy.2013.122.
|
[16] | Milne RI, Abbott RJ (2002) The origin and evolution of Tertiary relict floras. Advances in Botanical Research 38: 281–314. doi: 10.1016/s0065-2296(02)38033-9
|
[17] | Weiss S, Ferrand N, editors (2007) Phylogeography of Southern European refugia – evolutionary perspectives on the origins and conservation of European biodiversity. New York: Springer.
|
[18] | Tarkhnishvili D, Gavashelishvili L, Mumladze L (2012) Palaeoclimatic models help to understand current distribution of Caucasian forest species. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 105: 231–248. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01788.x
|
[19] | Sommer R, Benecke N (2005) Late-Pleistocene and early Holocene history of canid fauna of Europe (Canidae). Mammalian Biology 70: 227–241. doi: 10.1016/j.mambio.2004.12.001
|
[20] | Kurtén B (1968) Pleistocene mammals of Europe. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
|
[21] | Pilot M, Branicki W, J?drzejewski W, Goszczyński J, J?drzejewska B, et al. (2010) Phylogeographic history of grey wolves in Europe. BMC Evolutionary Biology 10: 104. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-104
|
[22] | Thalmann O, Shapiro B, Cui P, Schuenemann VJ, Sawyer K, et al. (2013) Complete mitochondrial genomes of ancient canids suggest a European origin of domestic dogs. Science 342: 871–874. doi: 10.1126/science.1243650
|
[23] | Vilà C, Amorim IR, Leonard JA, Posada D, Castroviejo J, et al. (1999) Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography and population history of the grey wolf Canis lupus. Molecular Ecology 8: 2089–2103. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00825.x
|
[24] | Kopaliani N, Shakarashvili M, Gurielidze Z, Qurkhuli T, Tarkhnishvili D (2014) Gene flow between wolf and shepherd dog populations in Georgia (Caucasus). Journal of Heredity. In press.
|
[25] | Gurielidze Z (2004) Red deer: natural mechanism of population regulations. Proceedings of the Institute of Zoology, Georgian Academy of Science 22: 100–111.
|
[26] | Pilot M, J?drzejewski W, Branicki W, Sidorovich VE, J?drzejewska B, et al. (2006) Ecological factors influence population genetic structure of European grey wolves. Molecular Ecology 15: 4533–4553. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.03110.x
|
[27] | Moura AE, Tsingarska E, D?browski M, Czarnomska SD, J?drzejewska B, et al. (2013) Unregulated hunting and genetic recovery from a severe population decline: the cautionary case of Bulgarian wolves. Conservation Genetics (01 November 2013). doi:10.1007/s10592-013-0547-y.
|
[28] | Francisco LV, Langsten AA, Mellersh CS, Neal CL, Ostrander EA (1996) A class of highly polymorphic tetranucleotide repeats for canine genetic mapping. Mammalian Genome 7: 359–362. doi: 10.1007/s003359900104
|
[29] | Shibuya H, Collins BK, Huang THM, Johnson GS (1994) A polymorphic (AGGAAT), tandem repeat in an intron of the canine von Willebrand factor gene. Animal Genetics 25: 122. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.1994.tb00094.x
|
[30] | Ostrander EA, Sprague GF, Rine J (1993) Identification and characterization of dinucleotide repeat (CA)n markers for genetic mapping in dog. Genomics 16: 207–213. doi: 10.1006/geno.1993.1160
|
[31] | Holmes NG, Dickens HF, Parker HL, Binns MM, Mellersh CS, et al. (1995) Eighteen canine microsatellites. Animal Genetics 26: 132–133. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.1995.tb02659.x
|
[32] | D?browski MJ, Pilot M, Kruczyk M, ?mihorski M, Umer HM, et al. (2014) Reliability assessment of null allele detection: inconsistencies between and within different methods. Molecular Ecology Resources 14: 361–373. doi: 10.1111/1755-0998.12177
|
[33] | Pritchard J, Stephens M, Donnelly P (2000) Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155: 945–959.
|
[34] | Andersone Z, Lucchini V, Randi E, Ozolins J (2002) Hybridization between wolves and dogs in Latvia as documented using mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA markers. Mammalian Biology 67: 79–90. doi: 10.1078/1616-5047-00012
|
[35] | Vilà C, Walker C, Sundqvist A-K, Flagstad O, Andersone Z, et al. (2003) Combined use of maternal, paternal and bi-parental genetic markers for the identification of wolf-dog hybrids. Heredity 90: 17–24. doi: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800175
|
[36] | Iacolina M, Scandura M, Gazzola A, Cappai N, Capitani C, et al. (2010) Y- chromosome microsatellite variation in Italian wolves: a contribution to the study of wolf-dog hybridization patterns. Mammalian Biology 75: 341–347. doi: 10.1016/j.mambio.2010.02.004
|
[37] | Verardi A, Lucchini V, Randi E (2006) Detecting introgressive hybridization between free-ranging domestic dogs and wild wolves (Canis lupus) by admixture linkage disequilibrium analysis. Molecular Ecology 15: 2845–2855. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.02995.x
|
[38] | Godinho R, Llaneza L, Blanco JC, Lopes S, Alvares F, et al. (2011) Genetic evidence for multiple events of hybridization between wolves and domestic dogs in the Iberian Peninsula. Molecular Ecology 20: 5154–5166. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05345.x
|
[39] | Hindrikson M, Mannil P, Ozolins J, Krzywinski A, Saarma U (2012) Bucking the trend in wolf-dog hybridization: first Evidence from Europe of hybridization between female dogs and male wolves. PLoS ONE 7: e46465. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046465
|
[40] | Randi E, Hulva P, Fabbri E, Galaverni M, Galov A, et al. (2014) Multilocus detection of wolf x dog hybridization in Italy, and guidelines for marker selection. PLoS ONE 9: e86409. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086409
|
[41] | Khosravi R, Rezaei HR, Kaboli M (2013) Detecting hybridization between Iranian wild wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) and free-ranging domestic dog (Canis familiaris) by analysis of microsatellite markers. Zoological Science 30: 27–34.
|
[42] | Earl DA, vonHoldt BM (2012) Structure Harvester: a website and program for visualizing Structure output and implementing the Evanno method. Conservation Genetics Resources 4: 359–361. doi: 10.1007/s12686-011-9548-7
|
[43] | Evanno G, Regnaut S, Goudet J (2005) Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: a simulation study. Molecular Ecology 14: 2611–2620. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02553.x
|
[44] | Guillot G, Santos F, Estoup A (2008) Analysing georeferenced population genetics data with Geneland: a new algorithm to deal with null alleles and a friendly graphical user interface. Bioinformatics 24: 1406–1407. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btn136
|
[45] | Kalinowski ST, Taper ML, Marshall TC (2007) Revising how the computer program Cervus accommodates genotyping error increases success in paternity assignment. Molecular Ecology 16: 1099–1106. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03089.x
|
[46] | Konovalov DA, Manning C, Henshaw MT (2004) KINGROUP: a program for pedigree relationship reconstruction and kin group assignments using genetic markers. Molecular Ecology Notes 4: 779–782. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2004.00796.x
|
[47] | Peakall ROD, Smouse PE (2006) GENALEX 6: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research. Molecular Ecology Notes 6: 288–295. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01155.x
|
[48] | Rousset F (2008) Genepop’007: a complete re-implementation of the Genepop software for Windows and Linux. Molecular Ecology Resources 8: 103–106. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01931.x
|
[49] | Waples RS, Do CHI (2008) LDNE: a program for estimating effective population size from data on linkage disequilibrium. Molecular Ecology Resources 8: 753–756. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2007.02061.x
|
[50] | Ovenden JR, Peel D, Street R, Courtney AJ, Hoyle SD, et al. (2007) The genetic effective and adult census size of an Australian population of tiger prawns (Penaeus esculentus). Molecular Ecology 16: 127–138. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.03132.x
|
[51] | Cornuet JM, Luikart G (1996) Description and power analysis of two tests for detecting recent population bottlenecks from allele frequency data. Genetics 144: 2001–2014.
|
[52] | Sastre N, Vilà C, Salinas M, Bologov VV, Urios V, et al. (2011) Signatures of demographic bottlenecks in European wolf populations. Conservation Genetics 12: 701–712. doi: 10.1007/s10592-010-0177-6
|
[53] | Bandelt HJ, Forster P, Roehl A (1999) Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies. Molecular Biology and Evolution 16: 37–48. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026036
|
[54] | Excoffier L, Lischer HEL (2010) Arlequin suite ver 3.5: a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows. Molecular Ecology Resources 10: 564–567. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02847.x
|
[55] | Stronen AV, J?drzejewska B, Pertoldi C, Demontis D, Randi E, et al. (2013) North-south differentiation and a region of high diversity in European wolves (Canis lupus). PLoS ONE 8: e76454. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076454
|
[56] | Purcell S, Neale B, Todd-Brown K, Thomas L, Ferreira MA, et al. (2007) PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses. The American Journal of Human Genetics 81: 559–575. doi: 10.1086/519795
|
[57] | Boyko AR, Quignon P, Li L, Schoenebeck J, Degenhardt JD, et al. (2010) A simple genetic architecture underlies quantitative traits in dogs. PLoS Biology 8: e1000451. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000451
|
[58] | R Core Team (2013) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL http://www.R-project.org/.
|
[59] | Hayes BJ, Visscher PM, McPartlan HC, Goddard ME (2003) Novel multilocus measure of linkage disequilibrium to estimate past effective population size. Genome Research 13: 635–643. doi: 10.1101/gr.387103
|
[60] | Kijas JW, Lenstra JA, Hayes B, Boitard S, Porto Neto LR, et al. (2012) Genome-wide analysis of the world’s sheep breeds reveals high levels of historic mixture and strong recent selection. PLoS Biology 10: e1001258. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001258
|
[61] | Mech LD, Seal US (1987) Premature reproductive activity in wild wolves. Journal of Mammalogy 68: 871–873. doi: 10.2307/1381570
|
[62] | Tenesa A, Navarro P, Hayes BJ, Duffy DL, Clarke GM, et al. (2007) Recent human effective population size estimated from linkage disequilibrium. Genome Research 17: 520–526. doi: 10.1101/gr.6023607
|
[63] | Randi E, Lucchini V, Christensen MF, Mucci N, Funk SM, et al. (2000) Mitochondrial DNA analysis in Italian and East European wolves: detecting the consequences of small population size and hybridization. Conservation Biology 14: 464–473. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98280.x
|
[64] | Verginelli F, Capelli C, Coia V, Musiani M, Falchetti M, et al. (2005) Mitochondrial DNA from prehistoric canids highlights relationships between dogs and south-east European wolves. Molecular Biology & Evolution 22: 2541–2551. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msi248
|
[65] | Savolainen P, Zhang YP, Luo J, Lundeberg J, Leitner T (2002) Genetic evidence for an East Asian origin of domestic dogs. Science 298: 1610–1613. doi: 10.1126/science.1073906
|
[66] | vonHoldt BM, Pollinger JP, Earl DA, Knowles JC, Boyko AR, et al. (2011) A genome-wide perspective on the evolutionary history of enigmatic wolf-like canids. Genome Research 21: 1213–1222. doi: 10.1101/gr.116301.110
|
[67] | Rueness EK, Asmyhr MG, Sillero-Zubiri C, Macdonald DW, Bekele A, et al. (2011) The cryptic African wolf: Canis aureus lupaster is not a golden jackal and is not endemic to Egypt. PLoS ONE 6: e16385. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016385
|
[68] | Gaubert P, Bloch C, Benyacoub S, Abdelhamid A, Pagani P, et al. (2012) Reviving the African wolf Canis lupus lupaster in North and West Africa: a mitochondrial lineage ranging more than 6,000 km wide. PLoS ONE 7: e42740. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042740
|
[69] | Bakeev YN (1978) Changes in the range and abundance of the jackal Canis aureus L. in north Caucasus. Byulleten’ Moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytatyeley Prirody Otdel Biologicheskii 83: 45–57.
|
[70] | Fabbri E, Caniglia R, Galov A, Arbanasic H, Lapini L, et al. (2014) Genetic structure and expansion of golden jackals (Canis aureus) in the north-western distribution range (Croatia and eastern Italian Alps). Conservation Genetics 14: 187–199. doi: 10.1007/s10592-013-0530-7
|
[71] | Keis M, Remm J, Ho SYW, Davison J, Tammeleht E, et al. (2013) Complete mitochondrial genomes and a novel spatial genetic method reveal cryptic phylogeographic structure and migration patterns among brown bears in north-western Eurasia. Journal of Biogeography 40: 915–927. doi: 10.1111/jbi.12043
|
[72] | Pilot M, J?drzejewski W, Sidorovich VE, Meier-Augenstein W, Hoelzel AR (2012) Dietary differentiation and the evolution of population genetic structure in a highly mobile carnivore. PLoS ONE 7: e39341. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039341
|
[73] | Musiani M, Leonard JA, Cluff HD, Gates CC, Mariani S, et al. (2007) Differentiation of tundra/taiga and boreal coniferous forest wolves: genetics, coat colour and association with migratory caribou. Molecular Ecology 16: 4149–4170. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03458.x
|
[74] | Czarnomska SD, J?drzejewska B, Borowik T, Niedzia?kowska M, Stronen AV, et al. (2013) Concordant mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA structuring between Polish lowland and Carpathian Mountain wolves. Conservation Genetics 14: 573–588. doi: 10.1007/s10592-013-0446-2
|
[75] | Freedman AH, Schweizer RM, Gronau I, Han E, Ortega-Del Vecchyo D, et al. (2014) Genome sequencing highlights the dynamic early history of dogs. PLoS Genetics 10: e1004016. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004016
|
[76] | Fabbri E, Miquel C, Lucchini V, Santini A, Caniglia R, et al. (2007) From the Apennines to the Alps: colonization genetics of the naturally expanding Italian wolf (Canis lupus) population. Molecular Ecology 16: 1661–1671. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03262.x
|
[77] | Mech LD, Boitani L (IUCN SSC Wolf Specialist Group) (2010) Canis lupus. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. Available: http://www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 16 October 2013.
|