[1] | Anderson SJ, Gardner BW, Moll BJ, Tribble GL, Webster TF, et al. (1978) Correlation between air pollution and socio-economic factors in Los Angeles County. Atmos Environ 12: 1531–1535. doi: 10.1016/0004-6981(78)90097-5
|
[2] | Council on Environmental Quality (1971) Environmental quality: the second annual report of the council on environmental quality (US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC).
|
[3] | General Accounting Office (1983) Siting of hazardous waste landfills and their correlation with racial and economic status of surrounding communities (Rep. GAO/RCED-83-168, General Accounting Office, Washington, DC).
|
[4] | United Church of Christ Commission for Racial Justice (1987) Toxic wastes and race in the United States: A national report on the racial and socio-economic characteristics of communities surrounding hazardous waste sites (UCCRJ: New York, NY, USA).
|
[5] | Van Arsdol MD (1966) Metropolitan growth and environmental hazards: an illustrative case. Ekistics 21: 48–50.
|
[6] | Van Arsdol MD, Sabagh G, Alexander F (1964) Reality and the perception of environmental hazards. J Health Hum Behav 5: 144–153.
|
[7] | Brown P (1995) Race, class, and environmental health: a review and systematization of the literature. Environ Res 69: 15–30. doi: 10.1006/enrs.1995.1021
|
[8] | Chakraborty J, Maantay JA, Brender JD (2011) Disproportionate proximity to environmental health hazards: methods, models, and measurement. Amer J Pub Health 101: S27–S36. doi: 10.2105/ajph.2010.300109
|
[9] | Mohai PM, Pellow D, Roberts TJ (2009) Environmental justice. Annu Rev Env Resour 34: 405–430. doi: 10.1146/annurev-environ-082508-094348
|
[10] | World Health Organization. Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Available: www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_dis?ease/GlobalHealthRisks_report_full.pdf. Accessed 2013 April 1.
|
[11] | Schweitzer L, Valenzuela A (2004) Environmental injustice and transportation: the claims and the evidence. J Plan Lit 18: 383–398. doi: 10.1177/0885412204262958
|
[12] | O’Neill MS, Jerrett M, Kawachi I, Levy JI, Cohen AJ, et al. (2003) Health, wealth, and air pollution: advancing theory and methods. Environ Health Persp 111: 1861–1870. doi: 10.1289/ehp.6334
|
[13] | Downey L, Dubois S, Hawkins B, Walker M (2008) Environmental inequality in metropolitan America. Organ Environ 21: 270–294. doi: 10.1177/1086026608321327
|
[14] | Lopez R (2002) Segregation and black/white differences in exposure to air toxics in 1990. Environ Health Persp 110(S2): 289–295. doi: 10.1289/ehp.02110s2289
|
[15] | Morello-Frosch R, Jesdale BM (2006) Separate and unequal: residential segregation and estimated cancer risks associated with ambient air toxics in US metropolitan areas. Environ Health Persp 114: 386–393. doi: 10.1289/ehp.8500
|
[16] | Brooks N, Sethi R (1997) The distribution of pollution: community characteristics and exposure to air toxics. J Environ Econ Manag 32: 233–250. doi: 10.1006/jeem.1996.0967
|
[17] | Schweitzer L, Zhou J (2010) Neighborhood air quality, respiratory health, and vulnerable populations in compact and sprawled regions. J Am Plann Assoc 76: 363–371. doi: 10.1080/01944363.2010.486623
|
[18] | Miranda ML, Edwards SE, Keating MH, Paul CJ (2011) Making the environmental justice grade: the relative burden of air pollution exposure in the United States. Int J Environ Res Public Health 8: 1755–1771. doi: 10.3390/ijerph8061755
|
[19] | Bell ML, Ebisu K (2012) Environmental inequality in exposures to airbourne particulate matter components in the United States. Environ Health Persp 120: 1699–1704. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1205201
|
[20] | Novotny EV, Bechle MJ, Millet DB, Marshall JD (2011) National satellite-based land use regression: NO2 in the United States. Environ Sci Technol 45: 4407–4414. doi: 10.1021/es103578x
|
[21] | U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Our nation’s air: status and trends through 2010. Available: www.epa.gov/airtrends/2011/report/fullre?port.pdf. Accessed 2013 April 1.
|
[22] | Beckerman B, Jerrett M, Brook JR, Verma DK, Arain MA, et al. (2008) Correlation of nitrogen dioxide with other traffic pollutants near a major expressway. Atmos Environ 42: 275–290. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.042
|
[23] | Hewitt CN (1991) Spatial variations in nitrogen dioxide concentrations in an urban area. Atmos Environ B 25: 429–434. doi: 10.1016/0957-1272(91)90014-6
|
[24] | Jerrett M, Arain MA, Kanaroglou P, Beckerman B, Crouse D, et al. (2007) Modeling the intraurban variability of ambient traffic pollution in Toronto, Canada. J Toxicol Env Heal A 70: 200–212. doi: 10.1080/15287390600883018
|
[25] | Brauer M, Hoek G, Van Vliet P, Meliefste K, Fischer PH, et al. (2002) Air pollution from traffic and the development of respiratory infections and asthmatic and allergic symptoms in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166: 1092–1098. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200108-007oc
|
[26] | Gauderman WJ, Avol E, Gilliland F, Vora H, Thomas D, et al. (2004) The effect of air pollution on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age. N Engl J Med 351: 1057–1067. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa040610
|
[27] | Brauer M, Lencar C, Tamburic L, Koehoorn M, Demers P, et al. (2008) A cohort study of traffic-related air pollution impacts on birth outcomes. Environ Health Persp 116: 680–686. doi: 10.1289/ehp.10952
|
[28] | Chiusolo M, Cadum E, Stafoggia M, Galassi C, Berti G, et al. (2011) Short-term effects of nitrogen dioxide on mortality and susceptibility factors in ten Italian cities: the EpiAir Study. Environ Health Persp 119: 1233–1238. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1002904
|
[29] | Filluel L, Rondeau V, Vandentorren S, Le Moual N, Cantagrel A, et al. (2005) Twenty five year mortality and air pollution: results from the French PAARC survey. Occup Environ Med 62: 453–460. doi: 10.1097/00001648-200611001-00156
|
[30] | Grineski S, Bolin B, Boone C (2007) Criteria air pollution and marginalized populations: environmental inequity in metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona. Soc Sci Quart 88: 535–554. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6237.2007.00470.x
|
[31] | Stuart AL, Zeager M (2011) An inequality study of ambient nitrogen dioxide and traffic levels near elementary schools in the Tampa area. J Environ Manag 92: 1923–1930. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.03.003
|
[32] | Su JG, Jerrett M, Morello-Frosch R, Jesdale BM, Kyle AD (2012) Inequalities in cumulative environmental burdens among three urbanized counties in California. Environ Int 40: 79–87. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.11.003
|
[33] | Yanosky JD, Schwartz J, Suh HH (2008) Associations between measures of socioeconomic position and chronic nitrogen dioxide exposure in Worcester, Massachusetts. J Toxicol Env Heal A 71: 1593–1602. doi: 10.1080/15287390802414307
|
[34] | Levy JI, Chemerynski SM, Tuchman JL (2006) Incorporating concepts of inequality and inequity into health benefits analysis. Int J Equity Health 5: 10.1186/1475–9276-5-2.
|
[35] | Levy JI, Wilson AM, Zwack LM (2007) Quantifying the efficiency and equity implications of power plant and air pollution control strategies in the United States. Environ Health Persp 115: 743–750. doi: 10.1289/ehp.9712
|
[36] | Levy JI, Greco SL, Melly SJ, Mukhi N (2009) Evaluating efficiency-equality tradeoffs for mobile source control strategies in an urban area. Risk Anal 29: 34–47. doi: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01119.x
|
[37] | Fann N, Roman HA, Fulcher CM, Gentile MA, Hubbell BJ, et al. (2011) Maximizing health benefits and minimizing inequality: incorporating local-scale data in the design and evaluation of air quality policies. Risk Anal 36: 1–15. doi: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01629.x
|
[38] | Post ES, Belova A, Huang J (2011) Distributional benefit of a national air quality rule. Int J Environ Res Public Health 8: 1872–1892. doi: 10.3390/ijerph8061872
|
[39] | Jerrett M, Burnett RT, Beckerman BS, Turner MC, Krewski D, et al. (2013) Spatial analysis of air pollution and mortality in California. Am J Resp Crit Care 188: 593–599. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201303-0609oc
|
[40] | U. S. Centers for Disease Control. National Vital Statistics Reports: Deaths, Preliminary Data for 2011. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr61?/nvsr61_06.pdf. Accessed 2013 October 1.
|
[41] | World Health Organization. Comparative Quantification of Health Risks: Global and Regional Burden of Disease Attribution to Selected Major Risk Factors. Available: http://www.who.int/publications/cra/chap?ters/volume1/0729-0882.pdf. Accessed 2013 October 1.
|
[42] | Danaei G, Ding EL, Mozaffarian D, Taylor B, Rehm J, et al. (2009) The preventable causes of death in the United States: comparative risk assessment of dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors. PLOS Med 6: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000058. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000058
|
[43] | U. S. Central Intelligence Agency. World Fact Book 2013–2014: Distribution of Family Income: Gini Index. Available: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications?/the-world-factbook/index.html. Accessed 2014 March 10.
|
[44] | Marshall JD (2008) Environmental inequality: air pollution exposures in California’s south coast air basin. Atmos Environ 42: 5499–5503. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.02.005
|