| [1] | Watt AS (1947) Pattern and process in the plant community. The Journal of Ecology 35: 1–22. doi: 10.2307/2256497
|
| [2] | Tuomisto H, Ruokolainen K, Yli-Halla M (2003) Dispersal, environment, and floristic variation of western Amazonian forests. Science 299: 241–244. doi: 10.1126/science.1078037
|
| [3] | Burrascano S, Anzellotti I, Carli E, Del Vico E, Facioni L, et al. (2013) Drivers of beta-diversity variation in Bromus erectus semi-natural dry grasslands. Appl Veg Sci 16: 404–416. doi: 10.1111/avsc.12021
|
| [4] | Burton JI, Mladenoff DJ, Clayton MK, Forrester JA (2011) The roles of environmental filtering and colonization in the fine-scale spatial patterning of ground-layer plant communities in north temperate deciduous forests. J Ecol 99: 764–776. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01807.x
|
| [5] | Dray S, Pélissier R, Couteron P, Fortin MJ, Legendre P, et al. (2012) Community ecology in the age of multivariate multiscale spatial analysis. Ecology 82: 257–275. doi: 10.1890/11-1183.1
|
| [6] | Gilbert B, Lechowicz MJ (2004) Neutrality, Niches, and Dispersal in a Temperate Forest Understory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101: 7651–7656. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0400814101
|
| [7] | Laliberte E, Paquette A, Legendre P, Bouchard A (2009) Assessing the scale-specific importance of niches and other spatial processes on beta diversity: a case study from a temperate forest. Oecologia 159: 377–388. doi: 10.1007/s00442-008-1214-8
|
| [8] | Cottenie K (2005) Integrating environmental and spatial processes in ecological community dynamics. Ecol Lett 8: 1175–1182. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00820.x
|
| [9] | Myers JA, Chase JM, Jiménez I, J？rgensen PM, Araujo-Murakami A, et al. (2013) Beta-diversity in temperate and tropical forests reflects dissimilar mechanisms of community assembly. Ecol Lett 16: 151–157. doi: 10.1111/ele.12021
|
| [10] | Ruokolainen K, Linna A, Tuomisto H (1997) Use of Melastomataceae and pteridophytes for revealing phytogeographical patterns in Amazonian rain forests. J Trop Ecol 13: 243–256. doi: 10.1017/s0266467400010439
|
| [11] | Peet R (1978) Forest vegetation of the Colorado Front Range: Patterns of species diversity. Vegetatio 37: 65–78. doi: 10.1007/bf00126830
|
| [12] | Jones MM, Tuomisto H, Clark DB, Olivas P (2006) Effects of mesoscale environmental heterogeneity and dispersal limitation on floristic variation in rain forest ferns. J Ecol 94: 181–195. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2005.01071.x
|
| [13] | Karst J, Gilbert B, Lechowicz MJ (2005) Fern community assembly: the roles of chance and the environment at local and intermediate scales. Ecology 86: 2473–2486. doi: 10.1890/04-1420
|
| [14] | Gravel D, Canham CD, Beaudet M, Messier C (2006) Reconciling niche and neutrality: the continuum hypothesis. Ecol Lett 9: 399–409. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00884.x
|
| [15] | Hubbell SP (2001) The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press. 375 p.
|
| [16] | Jones MM, Ferrier S, Condit R, Manion G, Aguilar S, et al. (2013) Strong congruence in tree and fern community turnover in response to soils and climate in central Panama. J Ecol 101: 506–516. doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.12053
|
| [17] | Winter S, Moller GC (2008) Microhabitats in lowland beech forests as monitoring tool for nature conservation. For Ecol Manag 255: 1251–1261. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2007.10.029
|
| [18] | Burrascano S, Rosati L, Blasi C (2009) Plant species diversity in Mediterranean old-growth forests: A case study from central Italy. Plant Biosyst 143: 190–200. doi: 10.1080/11263500802709699
|
| [19] | Saitta, Bernicchia A, Gorjon SP, Altobelli E, Granito VM, et al. (2012) Biodiversity of wood-decay fungi in Italy. Plant Biosyst 146: 488–488. doi: 10.1080/11263504.2011.633114
|
| [20] | Norden B, Appelqvist T (2001) Conceptual problems of Ecological Continuity and its bioindicators. Biodivers Conserv 10: 779–791.
|
| [21] | Tuomisto H, Ruokolainen K (2006) Analyzing or explaining beta diversity? Understanding the targets of different methods of analysis. Ecology 87: 2697–2708. doi: 10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2697:aoebdu]2.0.co;2
|
| [22] | López-Martínez JO, Hernández-Stefanoni JL, Dupuy JM, Meave JA (2013) Partitioning the variation of woody plant β-diversity in a landscape of secondary tropical dry forests across spatial scales. J Veg Sci 24: 33–45. doi: 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2012.01446.x
|
| [23] | Nekola JC, White PS (1999) The distance decay of similarity in biogeography and ecology. J Biogeogr 26: 867–878. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00305.x
|
| [24] | Burrascano S, Keeton WS, Sabatini FM, Blasi C (2013) Commonality and Variability in the Structural Attributes of Moist Temperate Old-growth Forests: a Global Review. For Ecol Manag 291: 458–479. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2012.11.020
|
| [25] | Bauhus J, Puettmann K, Messier C (2009) Silviculture for old-growth attributes. For Ecol Manag 258: 525–537. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2009.01.053
|
| [26] | Capotorti G, Zavattero L, Anzellotti I, Burrascano S, Frondoni R, et al. (2012) Do National Parks play an active role in conserving the natural capital of Italy? Plant Biosyst 146: 258–265. doi: 10.1080/11263504.2012.695298
|
| [27] | Gilliam FS (2007) The ecological significance of the herbaceous layer in temperate forest ecosystems. Bioscience 57: 845–858. doi: 10.1641/b571007
|
| [28] | Larsen JB (1995) Ecological stability of forests and sustainable silviculture. For Ecol Manag 73: 85–96. doi: 10.1016/0378-1127(94)03501-m
|
| [29] | Royo AA, Carson WP (2006) On the formation of dense understory layers in forests worldwide: consequences and implications for forest dynamics, biodiversity, and succession. Can J For Res 36: 1345–1362. doi: 10.1139/x06-025
|
| [30] | Rivas-Martinez S, Rivas-Saenz S (2009) Worldwide Bioclimatic Classification System, 1996–2009. Spain, http://www.globalbioclimatics.org: Phytosociological Research Center. Accessed 2013 Mar 1.
|
| [31] | Calamini G, Maltoni A, Travaglini D, Iovino F, Nicolaci A, et al. (2011) Stand structure attributes in potential old-growth forests in the Apennines, Italy. Italia Forestale e Montana 66: 365–381. doi: 10.4129/ifm.2011.5.01
|
| [32] | Motta R, Bjelanovic I, Borgogno Mondino E, Curovic M, Garbarino M, et al.. (in press) Analysis of the spatio-temporal dynamics of mixed beechsilver fir-Norway spruce old-growth forests of Biogradska Gora (Montenegro) and Perucica (Bosnia and Herzegovina). Plant Biosyst.
|
| [33] | Aguirre O, Hui GY, von Gadow K, Jimenez J (2003) An analysis of spatial forest structure using neighbourhood-based variables. For Ecol Manag 183: 137–145. doi: 10.1016/s0378-1127(03)00102-6
|
| [34] | Hunter ML (1990) Wildlife, forests and forestry: principles of managing forests for biological diversity. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
|
| [35] | McCune B, Keon D (2002) Equations for potential annual direct incident radiation and heat load. J Veg Sci 13: 603–606. doi: 10.1658/1100-9233(2002)013[0603:efpadi]2.0.co;2
|
| [36] | Tuomisto H (2010) A diversity of beta diversities: straightening up a concept gone awry. Part 2. Quantifying beta diversity and related phenomena. Ecography 33: 23–45. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.06148.x
|
| [37] | Tuomisto H (2010) A diversity of beta diversities: straightening up a concept gone awry. Part 1. Defining beta diversity as a function of alpha and gamma diversity. Ecography 33: 2–22. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05880.x
|
| [38] | Tuomisto H (2011) Commentary: do we have a consistent terminology for species diversity? Yes, if we choose to use it. Oecologia 167: 903–911. doi: 10.1007/s00442-011-2128-4
|
| [39] | Tuomisto H (2010) A consistent terminology for quantifying species diversity? Yes, it does exist. Oecologia 164: 853–860. doi: 10.1007/s00442-010-1812-0
|
| [40] | Hill MO (1973) Diversity and Evenness: A Unifying Notation and Its Consequences. Ecology 54: 427–432. doi: 10.2307/1934352
|
| [41] | Jost L (2006) Entropy and diversity. Oikos 113: 363–375. doi: 10.1111/j.2006.0030-1299.14714.x
|
| [42] | Jost L (2007) Partitioning diversity into independent alpha and beta components. Ecology 88: 2427–2439. doi: 10.1890/06-1736.1
|
| [43] | Legendre P, Borcard D, Peres-Neto PR (2005) Analyzing beta diversity: Partitioning the spatial variation of community composition data. Ecol Monogr 75: 435–450. doi: 10.1890/05-0549
|
| [44] | Lichstein JW (2007) Multiple regression on distance matrices: a multivariate spatial analysis tool. Plant Ecol 188: 117–131. doi: 10.1007/s11258-006-9126-3
|
| [45] | Duivenvoorden JF, Svenning JC, Wright SJ (2002) Ecology - Beta diversity in tropical forests. Science 295: 636–637. doi: 10.1126/science.295.5555.636
|
| [46] | Legendre P, Lapointe FJ, Casgrain P (1994) Modeling brain evolution from behavior - A permutational regression approach. Evolution 48: 1487–1499. doi: 10.2307/2410243
|
| [47] | Whittaker J (1984) Model Interpretation from the Additive Elements of the Likelihood Function. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C (Applied Statistics) 33: 52–64. doi: 10.2307/2347663
|
| [48] | Anderson MJ (2006) Distance-Based Tests for Homogeneity of Multivariate Dispersions. Biometrics 62: 245–253. doi: 10.1111/j.1541-0420.2005.00440.x
|
| [49] | Zuur AF, Ieno EN, Walker NJ, Saveliev AA, Smith GM (2009) Mixed Effect Models and Extensions in Ecology with R. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
|
| [50] | R Development Core Team (2011) R: A language and environment for statistical computing Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
|
| [51] | Ruokolainen K, Tuomisto H, Macia MJ, Higgins MA, Yli-Halla M (2007) Are floristic and edaphic patterns in Amazonian rain forests congruent for trees, pteridophytes and Melastomataceae? J Trop Ecol 23: 13–25. doi: 10.1017/s0266467406003889
|
| [52] | Poulsen AD, Tuomisto H, Balslev H (2006) Edaphic and Floristic Variation within a 1-ha Plot of Lowland Amazonian Rain Forest1. Biotropica 38: 468–478. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00168.x
|
| [53] | Peres-Neto PR, Legendre P, Dray S, Borcard D (2006) Variation partitioning of species data matrices: Estimation and comparison of fractions. Ecology 87: 2614–2625. doi: 10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2614:vposdm]2.0.co;2
|
| [54] | MacArthur RH, Wilson EO (1967) The theory of island biogeography. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
|
| [55] | Guèze M, Paneque-Gálvez J, Luz AC, Pino J, Orta-Martínez M, et al. (2013) Determinants of tree species turnover in a southern Amazonian rain forest. J Veg Sci 24: 284–295. doi: 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2012.01461.x
|
| [56] | Nagel TA, Svoboda M (2008) Gap disturbance regime in an old-growth Fagus-Abies forest in the Dinaric Mountains, Bosnia-Herzegovina. Can J For Res 38: 2728–2737. doi: 10.1139/x08-110
|
| [57] | Rugani T, Diaci J, Hladnik D (2013) Gap Dynamics and Structure of Two Old-Growth Beech Forest Remnants in Slovenia. PLoS ONE 8: e52641. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052641
|
| [58] | Burrascano S, Sabatini FM, Blasi C (2011) Testing indicators of sustainable forest management on understorey composition and diversity in southern Italy through variation partitioning. Plant Ecol 212: 829–841. doi: 10.1007/s11258-010-9866-y
|
| [59] | Bruelheide H, Udelhoven P (2005) Correspondence of the fine-scale spatial variation in soil chemistry and the herb layer vegetation in beech forests. For Ecol Manag 210: 205–223. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.02.050
|
| [60] | Borcard D, Legendre P, Drapeau P (1992) Partialling out the Spatial Component of Ecological Variation. Ecology 73: 1045–1055. doi: 10.2307/1940179
|
| [61] | Lombardi F, Chirici G, Marchetti M, Tognetti R, Lasserre B, et al. (2010) Deadwood in forest stands close to old-growthness under Mediterranean conditions in the Italian Peninsula. Italia Forestale e Montana 65: 481–504. doi: 10.4129/ifm.2010.5.02
|
| [62] | ？urovi？ M, Ste？evi？ D, Medarevi？ M, Cvjeti？anin R, Panti？ D, et al. (2011) Ecological and structural characteristics of monodominant montane beech forests in the national park Biogradska Gora, Montenegro. Arch Biol Sci 63: 429–440. doi: 10.2298/abs1102429c
|
| [63] | Burrascano S, Lombardi F, Marchetti M (2008) Old-growth forest structure and deadwood: Are they indicators of plant species composition? A case study from central Italy. Plant Biosyst 142: 313–323. doi: 10.1080/11263500802150613
|
| [64] | Piovesan G, Di Filippo A, Alessandrini A, Biondi F, Schirone B (2005) Structure, dynamics and dendroecology of an old-growth Fagus forest in the Apennines. J Veg Sci 16: 13–28. doi: 10.1658/1100-9233(2005)016[0013:sdadoa]2.0.co;2
|
| [65] | Sabatini FM, Burrascano S, Blasi C (2010) Niche heterogeneity and old-growth conservation value. Italia Forestale e Montana 65: 621–636. doi: 10.4129/ifm.2010.5.10
|
| [66] | Sabatini FM, Jiménez-Alfaro B, Burrascano S, Blasi C, (in press) Drivers of herb-layer species diversity in two unmanaged temperate forests in northern Spain. Community Ecol.
|
| [67] | Fernández Prieto JA, Bueno Sánchez A (1992) A New Classification of the Forests of the Muniellos Biological Reserve in Northwest Spain. Vegetatio 102: 33–46. doi: 10.1007/bf00031702
|
| [68] | Nagel TA, Svoboda M, Rugani T, Diaci J (2010) Gap regeneration and replacement patterns in an old-growth Fagus-Abies forest of Bosnia-Herzegovina. Plant Ecol 208: 307–318. doi: 10.1007/s11258-009-9707-z
|
| [69] | Bianchi L, Bottacci A, Calamini G, Maltoni A, Mariotti B, et al. (2011) Structure and dynamics of a beech forest in a fully protected area in the northern Apennines (Sasso Fratino, Italy). iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry 4: 136–144. doi: 10.3832/ifor0564-004
|
| [70] | Travaglini D, Paffetti D, Bianchi L, Bottacci A, Bottalico F, et al. (2012) Characterization, structure and genetic dating of an old-growth beech-fir forest in the northern Apennines (Italy). Plant Biosyst 146: 175–188. doi: 10.1080/11263504.2011.650731
|
| [71] | Sabatini FM, Burton JI, Scheller RM, Amatangelo KL, Mladenoff DJ (in press) Functional diversity of ground-layer plant communities in old-growth and managed northern hardwood forests. Appl Veg Sci. doi: 10.1111/avsc.12083
|
