[1] | Potts SG, Biesmeijer JC, Kremen C, Neumann P, Schweiger O, et al. (2010) Global pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 25: 345–353.
|
[2] | Winfree R, Aguilar R, LeBuhn G (2009) A meta-analysis of bees’ responses to anthropogenic disturbance. Ecology 90: 2068–2076.
|
[3] | McKinney ML (2006) Urbanization as a major cause of biotic homogenization. Biological Conservation 127: 247–260.
|
[4] | Ahrné K, Bengtsson J, Elmqvist T (2009) Bumble Bees (Bombus spp) along a Gradient of Increasing Urbanization. PLOS ONE 4(5): e5574 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005574.
|
[5] | Mcintyre NE, Hostetler ME (2001) Basic and applied ecology effects of urban land use on pollinator (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) communities in a desert metropolis. Basic and Applied Ecology 218: 209–218.
|
[6] | Zanette LRS, Martins RP, Ribeiro SP (2005) Effects of urbanization on Neotropical wasp and bee assemblages in a Brazilian metropolis. Landscape and Urban Planning 71: 105–121.
|
[7] | Hernandez JL, Frankie GW, Thorp RW (2009) Ecology of urban bees: a review of current knowledge and directions for future study. Cities and the Environment (CATE) 2 (1): article 3. 15 p. Available: http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cgi/viewco?ntent.cgi?article=1036&context=cate. Accessed 2013 Apr 30.
|
[8] | Bates AJ, Sadler JP, Fairbrass AJ, Falk SJ, Hale JD, et al. (2011) Changing Bee and Hoverfly Pollinator Assemblages along an Urban-Rural Gradient. PLoS ONE 6: e23459 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023459.
|
[9] | Banaszak-Cibicka W, ?mihorski M (2011) Wild bees along an urban gradient: winners and losers. Journal of Insect Conservation 16: 331–343.
|
[10] | Hennig EI, Ghazoul J (2011) Plant–pollinator interactions within the urban environment. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 13: 137–150.
|
[11] | Tylianakis JM, Laliberté E, Nielsen A, Bascompte J (2010) Conservation of species interaction networks. Biological Conservation 143: 2270–2279.
|
[12] | Fontaine C, Dajoz I, Meriguet J, Loreau M (2006) Functional diversity of plant- pollinator interaction webs enhances the persistence of plant communities. PLoS Biol 4: 129–135.
|
[13] | Biesmeijer JC, Roberts SPM, Reemer M, Ohlemüller R, Edwards M, et al. (2006) Parallel declines in pollinators and insect-pollinated plants in Britain and the Netherlands. Science 313: 351–354.
|
[14] | Aizen MA, Sabatino M, Tylianakis JM (2012) Specialization and Rarity Predict Nonrandom Loss of Interactions from mutualist networks. Science 335: 1486–1489.
|
[15] | Devoto M, Bailey S, Craze P, Memmott J (2012) Understanding and planning ecological restoration of plant-pollinator networks. Ecology Letters 15: 319–328.
|
[16] | Gathmann A, Tscharntke T (2002) Foraging ranges of solitary bees. Journal of Animal Ecology 71: 757–764.
|
[17] | Cadotte MW, Cavender-Bares J, Tilman D, Oakley TH (2009) Using Phylogenetic, Functional and Trait Diversity to Understand Patterns of Plant Community Productivity. PLoS ONE 4(5): e5695 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005695.
|
[18] | Flynn DFB, Mirotchnick N, Jain M, Palmer MI, Naeem S (2011) Functional and phylogenetic diversity as predictors of biodiversity-ecosystem-function relationships. Ecology 92: 1573–1581.
|
[19] | Hennig EI, Ghazoul J (2011) Pollinating animals in the urban environment. Urban Ecosystems 15: 149–166.
|
[20] | Ebeling A, Klein A-M, Schumacher J, Weisser WW, Tscharntke T (2008) How does plant richness affect pollinator richness and temporal stability of flower visits? Oikos 117: 1808–1815.
|
[21] | Seaney RR, Henson PR (1970) Birdsfoot Trefoil. Advance in Agronomy 22: 119–139.
|
[22] | Ford MA, Kay QN (1985) The genetics of incompatibility in Sinapis arvensis L. Heredity. 54: 99–102.
|
[23] | Kay Q (1969) The origin and distribution of diploid and tetraploid Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Schultz Bip. Watsonia 7: 130–141.
|
[24] | Svensson R, Wigren M (1986) History and biology of Consolida regalis in Sweden. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 80: 31–53.
|
[25] | Pesson P, Louveaux J (1984) Pollinisation et productions végétales. Versailles: Quae. 640 p.
|
[26] | Conservatoire Botanique National du Bassin Parisien website. Available: http://cbnbp.mnhn.fr/cbnbp/. Accessed 2013 Jan 23.
|
[27] | Dauber J, Biesmeijer JC, Gabriel D, Kunin WE, Lamborn E, et al. (2010) Effects of patch size and density on flower visitation and seed set of wild plants: a pan-European approach. Journal of Ecology 98: 188–196.
|
[28] | Michener CD (2007) The bees of the world. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press. 953 p.
|
[29] | Bellmann H (1999) Guide des abeilles, bourdons, guêpes et fourmis d’Europe. Lonay, Switzerland: Delachaux et Niestle. 336 p.
|
[30] | Dormann CF, Fruend J, Gruber B (2012) Visualising bipartite networks and calculating some (ecological) indices, Package “bipartite”. Available: http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/b?ipartite/bipartite.pdf. Accessed 2013 Apr 30.
|
[31] | Bersier L, Banasek-Richter C, Cattin M (2002) Quantitative descriptors of food-web matrices. Ecology 83: 2394–2407.
|
[32] | Tylianakis JM, Tscharntke T, Lewis OT (2007) Habitat modification alters the structure of tropical host-parasitoid food webs. Nature 445: 202–205.
|
[33] | Waser N (1986) Flower constancy: definition, cause, and measurement. American Naturalist 127: 593–603.
|
[34] | Gegear RJ, Thomson JD (2004) Does the flower constancy of bumble bees reflect foraging economics? Ethology 110: 793–805.
|
[35] | Waser N (1978) Interspecific pollen transfer and competition between co-occurring plant species. Oecologia 36: 223–236.
|
[36] | Chittka L, Thomson JD, Waser NM (1999) Flower constancy, insect psychology, and plant evolution. Naturwissenschaften 86: 361–377.
|
[37] | R Development Core Team (2010) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical, Vienna, Austria. Available: http://www.r-project.org/. Accessed 2013 Apr 30.
|
[38] | Magurran A (2004) Measuring biological diversity. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 264 p.
|
[39] | Bolker BM, Brooks ME, Clark CJ, Geange SW, Poulsen JR, et al. (2009) Generalized linear mixed models: a practical guide for ecology and evolution. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 24: 127–135.
|
[40] | Gallet R, Tully T, Evans MEK (2009) Ecological conditions affect evolutionary trajectory in a predator-prey system. Evolution 63: 641–651.
|
[41] | Ihaka R, Gentleman R (1996) R: A language for data analysis and graphics. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics 5: 299–314.
|
[42] | Pinheiro J, Bates D (2000) Mixed-effects models in S and S-PLUS. Berlin: Springer. 539 p.
|
[43] | Zuur AF, Ieno EN, Elphick CS (2010) A protocol for data exploration to avoid common statistical problems. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 1: 3–14.
|
[44] | Bretz F, Hothorn T, Westfall P (2010) Multiple comparisons using R. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 205 p.
|
[45] | Stang M, Klinkhamer P, Van Der Meijden E (2006) Size constraints and flower abundance determine the number of interactions in a plant–flower visitor web. Oikos 112: 111–121.
|
[46] | Greenleaf SS, Williams NM, Winfree R, Kremen C (2007) Bee foraging ranges and their relationship to body size. Oecologia 153: 589–596.
|
[47] | Rathcke BJ, Jules ES (1993) Habitat fragmentation and plant-pollinator interactions. Current Science 65: 273–277.
|
[48] | Bond WJ (1994) Do mutualisms matter? Assessing the impact of pollinator and disperser disruption on plant extinction. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 344: 83–90.
|
[49] | Kleijn D, Van Langevelde F (2006) Interacting effects of landscape context and habitat quality on flower visiting insects in agricultural landscapes. Basic and Applied Ecology 7: 201–214.
|
[50] | Henle K, Davies KF, Kleyer M, Margules C, Settele J (2004) Predictors of species sensitivity to fragmentation. Biodiversity and Conservation 13: 207–251.
|
[51] | Steffan-Dewenter I, Tsharntke T (1999) Effects of habitat isolation on pollinator communities and seed set. Oecologia 121: 432–440.
|
[52] | Steffan-Dewenter I, Münzenberg U, Burger C, Thies C, Tscharntke T (2002) Scale-dependent effects of landscape context on three pollinator guilds. Ecology 83: 1421–1432.
|
[53] | Lázaro A, Lundgren R, Totland ? (2009) Co-flowering neighbors influence the diversity and identity of pollinator groups visiting plant species. Oikos 118: 691–702.
|
[54] | Bascompte J, Jordano P, Melián CJ, Olesen JM (2003) The nested assembly of plant-animal mutualistic networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100: 9383–9387.
|
[55] | Magura T, Tóthmérész B, Molnár T (2008) A species-level comparison of occurrence patterns in carabids along an urbanisation gradient. Landscape and Urban Planning 86: 134–140.
|
[56] | Fontaine C, Collin CL, Dajoz I (2008) Generalist foraging of pollinators: diet expansion at high density. Journal of Ecology 96: 1002–1010.
|
[57] | Inouye D (1978) Resource partitioning in bumblebees: experimental studies of foraging behavior. Ecology 59: 672–678.
|
[58] | Heinrich B (1979) Majoring and minoring by foraging bumblebees, Bombus vagans: an experimental analysis. Ecology 60: 245–255.
|
[59] | Ebeling A, Klein A-M, Tscharntke T (2011) Plant–flower visitor interaction webs: Temporal stability and pollinator specialization increases along an experimental plant diversity gradient. Basic and Applied Ecology 12: 300–309.
|
[60] | Kunin WE, Iwasa Y (1996) Pollinator foraging strategies in mixed floral arrays: density effects and floral constancy. Theoretical Population Biology 49: 232–263.
|
[61] | Westphal C, Steffan-Dewenter I, Tscharntke T (2003) Mass flowering crops enhance pollinator densities at a landscape scale. Ecology Letters 6: 961–965.
|
[62] | Laliberté E, Tylianakis JM (2010) Deforestation homogenizes tropical parasitoid-host networks. Ecology 91: 1740–1747.
|
[63] | Pleasants J, Zimmerman M (1979) Patchiness in the dispersion of nectar resources: evidence for hot and cold spots. Oecologia 41: 283–288.
|
[64] | Ibanez S (2012) Optimizing size thresholds in a plant-pollinator interaction web: towards a mechanistic understanding of ecological networks. Oecologia: 233–242.
|
[65] | Dormann CF, Fründ J, Blüthgen N, Gruber B (2009) Indices, graphs and null models: analyzing bipartite ecological networks. The Open Ecology Journal 2: 7–24.
|
[66] | Kaiser-Bunbury CN, Memmott J, Müller CB (2009) Community structure of pollination webs of Mauritian heathland habitats. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 11: 241–254.
|
[67] | Kaiser-Bunbury CN, Muff S, Memmott J, Müller CB, Caflisch A (2010) The robustness of pollination networks to the loss of species and interactions: a quantitative approach incorporating pollinator behaviour. Ecology Letters 13: 442–452.
|
[68] | Memmott J, Waser NM, Price MV (2004) Tolerance of pollination networks to species extinctions. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 271: 2605–2611.
|
[69] | Thomson J, Peterson S, Harder L (1987) Response of traplining bumble bees to competition experiments: shifts in feeding location and efficiency. Oecologia 71: 295–300.
|
[70] | Larsson M (2005) Higher pollinator effectiveness by specialist than generalist flower-visitors of unspecialized Knautia arvensis (Dipsacaceae). Oecologia 146: 394–403.
|
[71] | Perfectti F, Gómez JM, Bosch J (2009) The functional consequences of diversity in plant-pollinator interactions. Oikos 118: 1430–1440.
|
[72] | Ebeling A, Klein A-M, Weisser WW, Tscharntke T (2012) Multitrophic effects of experimental changes in plant diversity on cavity-nesting bees, wasps, and their parasitoids. Oecologia 169: 453–465.
|
[73] | Aguilar R, Ashworth L, Galetto L, Aizen MA (2006) Plant reproductive susceptibility to habitat fragmentation: review and synthesis through a meta-analysis. Ecology Letters 9: 968–980.
|
[74] | Fründ J, Dormann CF, Tscharntke T (2011) Linné’s floral clock is slow without pollinators - flower closure and plant-pollinator interaction webs. Ecology Letters 14: 896–904.
|
[75] | Paris city website. Available: http://www.paris.fr/pratique/nature-et-b?iodiversite/les-abeilles/les-abeilles-pa?risiennes/rub_9242_stand_68263_port_2569?2. Accessed 2013 Apr 16.
|
[76] | Ollerton J, Price V, Armbruster WS, Memmott J, Watts S, et al.. (2012) Overplaying the role of honey bees as pollinators: a comment on Aebi and Neumann (2011). Trends in Ecology & Evolution 27: 141–2; author reply 142–143.
|
[77] | Aebi A, Vaissière BE, VanEngelsdorp D, Delaplane KS, Roubik DW, et al. (2012) Back to the future: Apis versus non-Apis pollination–a response to Ollerton et al. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 27: 142–143.
|
[78] | Garibaldi L, Steffan-Dewenter I, Winfree R, Aizen M, Bommarco R, et al. (2013) Wild pollinators enhance fruit set of crops regardless of honey bee abundance. Science 339 1608–1611.
|