An insect growth regulator, pyriproxyfen, has been used for the control of a range of pest insects, including mosquitoes. Pyriproxyfen is effective in inhibiting adult emergence and sterilizing adult females. The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse), is an important vector of dengue and chikungunya, and is expanding its distribution throughout Europe and the Americas. In the present study, we evaluated the impact of pyriproxyfen-treated bed nets on population growth of Ae. albopictus under semi-field conditions, using 6 small microcosms. We created microcosms containing breeding sites to simulate the natural ecosystem of vector mosquito and installing miniature bed net treated with 350 mg/m2 pyriproxyfen in Experiment I and 35 mg/m2 in Experiment II. For each experiment, we also established microcosms installing untreated polyethylene net (untreated control). The installing nets were provided with artificially torn holes, to simulate damage and allow mosquitoes to penetrate. We released 100 pairs of Ae. albopictus into each microcosm, and allowed them to feed on a mouse under the bed nets at approximately 1-week intervals. In comparison with the untreated control microcosms, the number of eggs laid by the released adults in the pyriproxyfen-treated microcosms was significantly lower in both Experiment I and II. Moreover, egg hatchability was significantly suppressed and pupal mortality was increased. Our results indicate that tarsal contact with pyriproxyfen has been shown to suppress egg production and hatchability in adult females and the auto-dissemination of pyriproxyfen into larval breeding sites by adult mosquitoes, through contact with pyriproxyfen-treated polyethylene bed nets, may suppress the mosquito population density.
References
[1]
Hochedez P, Jaureguiberry S, Debruyne M, Bossi P, Hausfater P, et al. (2006) Chikungunya infection in travelers. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 1565–1567.
[2]
Hawley WA (1988) The biology of Aedes albopictus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 4 (Suppl. 1)1–39.
[3]
Cancrini G, Frangipane di Regalbono A, Ricci I, Tessarin C, Gabrielli S, et al. (2003) Aedes albopictus is a natural vector of Dirofilaria immitis in Italy. Vet Parasitol 118: 195–202.
[4]
Reiter P (1998) Aedes albopictus and the world trade in used tires, 1988–1995: the shape of things to come? J Am Mosq Control Assoc 14: 83–94.
[5]
Lounibos L (2007) Competitive displacement and reduction. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 23: 276–282.
[6]
Ng L, Ojcius D (2009) Chikungunya fever-Re-emergence of an old disease. Microbes and Infection 11: 1163–1164.
[7]
Leroy EM, Nkoghe D, Ollomo B, Nze-Nkogue C, Becquart P, et al. (2009) Concurrent chikungunya and dengue virus infections during simultaneous outbreaks, Gabon, 2007. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 591–593.
[8]
Farrar J, Focks D, Gubler D, Barrera R, Guzman M, et al. (2007) Towards a global dengue research agenda. Trop Med Int Health 12: 695–699.
[9]
Sunahara T, Mogi M (1997) Distributions of larval mosquitoes among bamboo-stump pools which vary in persistence and resource input. Res Popul Ecol 39: 173–179.
[10]
Simard F, Nchoutpouen E, Toto JC, Fontenille D (2005) Geographic distribution and breeding site preference of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Cameroon, Central Africa. J Med Entomol 42: 726–731.
[11]
Yee DA (2008) Tires as habitats for mosquitoes: a review of studies within the eastern United States. J Med Entomol 45: 581–593.
[12]
Kay B, Nam V (2005) New strategy against Aedes aegypti in Vietnam. The Lancet 365: 613–617.
[13]
Morrison A, Zielinski-Gutierrez E, Scott T, Rosenberg R (2008) Defining challenges and proposing solutions for control of the virus vector Aedes aegypti. PLoS Medicine 5: e68.
[14]
Devine GJ, Perea EZ, Killeen GF, Stancil JD, Clark SJ, et al. (2009) Using adult mosquitoes to transfer insecticides to Aedes aegypti larval habitats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106: 11530–11534.
[15]
Zaim M, Jambulingam P (2007) Global insecticide use for vector-borne disease control, 3rd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization. 84 p.
[16]
Kroeger A, Lenhart A, Ochoa M, Villegas E, Levy M, et al. (2006) Effective control of dengue vectors with curtains and water container covers treated with insecticide in Mexico and Venezuela: cluster randomised trials. Br Med J 332: e1247.
[17]
Igarashi A (1997) Impact of dengue virus infection and its control. FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology 18: 291–300.
[18]
Karch S, Asidi N, Manzambi Z, Salaun J, Mouchet J (1995) Impact of deltamethrin-impregnated bednets on biting rates of mosquitoes in Zaire. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 11: 191–194.
[19]
Lenhart A, Orelus N, Maskill R, Alexander N, Streit T, et al. (2008) Insecticide-teated bednets to control dengue vectors: preliminary evidence from a controlled trial in Haiti. Trop Med Int Health 13: 56–67.
[20]
Ping LT, Yatiman R, Gek LS (2001) Susceptibility of adult field strains of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Singapore to pirimiphos-methyl and permethrin. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 17: 144–146.
[21]
Ponlawat A, Scott JG, Harrington LC (2005) Insecticide susceptibility of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus across Thailand. J Med Entomol 42: 821–825.
[22]
Jirakanjanakit N, Rongnoparut P, Saengtharatip S, Chareonviriyaphap T, Duchon S, et al. (2007) Insecticide susceptible/resistance status in Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti and Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Thailand during 20032005. J Econ Entomol 100: 545–550.
[23]
Pethuan S, Jirakanjanakit N, Saengtharatip S, Chareonviriyaphap T, Kaewpa D, et al. (2007) Biochemical studies of insecticide resistance in Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti and Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Thailand. Trop Biomed 24: 7–15.
[24]
Kawada H, Higa Y, Nguyen YT, Tran SH, Nguyen HT, et al. (2009) Nationwide investigation of the pyrethroid susceptibility of mosquito larvae collected from used tires in Vietnam. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 3: e391.
[25]
Kawada H, Maekawa Y, Abe M, Ohashi K, Ohba S, et al. (2010) Spatial distribution and pyrethroid susceptibility of mosquito larvae collected from catch basins in parks in Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis 63: 19–24.
[26]
Dhadialla TS, Carlson GR, Le DP (1998) New insecticides with ecdysteroidal and juvenile hormone activity. Annu Rev Entomol 43: 545–569.
[27]
Estrada JG, Mulla MS (1986) Evaluation of two new insect growth regulators against mosquitoes in the laboratory. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2: 57–60.
[28]
Kawada H, Dohara K, Shinjo G (1988) Laboratory and field evaluation of an insect growth regulator, 4-phenoxyphenyl (RS)-2-(2-pyridyloxy) propyl ether, as a mosquito larvicide. Jpn J Sanit Zool 39: 339–346.
[29]
Hatakoshi M, Kawada H, Nishida S, Kisida H, Nakayama I (1987) Laboratory evaluation of 2-(1-methyl-2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)-ethoxy) pyridine against larvae of mosquitoes and housefly. Jpn J Sanit Zool 38: 271–274.
[30]
Hirano M, Hatakoshi M, Kawada H, Takimoto Y (1998) Pyriproxyfen and other juvenile hormone analogues. Reviews in Toxicology 2: 357–394.
[31]
Itoh T (1994) Control of DF/DHF vector, Aedes mosquito, with insecticides. Trop Med 35: 259–267.
[32]
Gaugler R, Suman D, Wang Y (2012) An autodissemination station for the transfer of an insect growth regulator to mosquito oviposition sites. Med Vet Entomol 26: 37–45.
[33]
Itoh T, Kawada H, Abe A, Eshita Y, Rongsriyam Y, et al. (1994) Utilization of bloodfed females of Aedes aegypti as a vehicle for the transfer of the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen to larval habitats. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 10: 344–347.
[34]
Dell Chism B, Apperson CS (2003) Horizontal transfer of the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen to larval microcosms by gravid Aedes albopictus and Ochlerotatus triseriatus mosquitoes in the laboratory. Med Vet Entomol 17: 211–220.
[35]
Sihuincha M, Zamora-Perea E, Orellana-Rios W, Stancil JD, Lopez-Sifuentes V, et al. (2005) Potential use of pyriproxyfen for control of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Iquitos, Peru. J Med Entomol 42: 620–630.
[36]
Caputo B, Ienco A, Cianci D, Pombi M, Petrarca V, et al. (2012) The "Auto-Dissemination" approach: a novel concept to fight Aedes albopictus in urban areas. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 6: e1793.
[37]
Ohashi K, Nakada K, Ishiwatari T, Miyaguchi J, Shono Y, et al. (2012) Efficacy of Pyriproxyfen-treated nets in sterilizing and shortening the longevity of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 49: 1052–1058.
[38]
Kiritani K, Nakasuji F (1967) Estimation of the stage-specific survival rate in the insect population with overlapping stages. Res Popul Ecol 9: 143–152.
[39]
Manly BFJ (1976) Extensions to Kiritani and Nakasuji's method for analysing insect stage-frequency data. Res Popul Ecol 17: 191–199.
[40]
Satho T, Tsuda Y, Somboon P, Kawada H, Takagi M (2003) Difference in the larval susceptibility to pyriproxyfen in nine colonies of six vector mosquito species. Med Entomol Zool 54: 155–160.
[41]
Quinn GP, Keough MJ (2002) Experimental design and data analysis for biologists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 556 p.
[42]
Iseki R (2013) ANOVA-Kun. http://www11.atpages.jp/~riseki/pukiwiki？plus/index.php?ANOVA%B7%AF, last access 6/1/13.
[43]
R Development Core Team (2011) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria, http://www.R-project.org/, last access 10/10/13.
[44]
Judson CL, de Lumen HZ (1976) Some effects of juvenile hormone and analogues on ovarian follicles of the mosquito Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 13: 197–201.
[45]
Shapiro A, Wheelock G, Hagedorn H, Baker F, Tsai L, et al. (1986) Juvenile hormone and juvenile hormone esterase in adult females of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. J Insect Physiol 32: 867–877.
[46]
Patterson J (1974) A comparison of the morphogenetic and sterilizing activities of juvenile hormone mimics on Aedes aegypti. J Insect Physiol 20: 2095–2106.
[47]
Itoh T (1994) Utilization of blood fed females of Aedes aegypti as a vehicle for the transfer of the insect growth regulator, pyriproxyfen, to larval habitats. Trop Med 36: 243–248.
[48]
Takagi M, Tsuda Y, Wada Y (1995) Evaluation of effective period of a juvenile hormone mimic, pyriproxyfen, against Aedes albopictus: Preliminary experiments in the laboratory and the field. Trop Med 37: 87–91.
[49]
Niebylski M, Craig Jr G (1994) Dispersal and survival of Aedes albopictus at a scrap tire yard in Missouri. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 10: 339–343.
[50]
Marini F, Caputo B, Pombi M, Tarsitani G, Della Torre A (2010) Study of Aedes albopictus dispersal in Rome, Italy, using sticky traps in mark-release-recapture experiments. Med Vet Entomol 24: 361–368.
[51]
Takagi M, Tsuda Y, Suzuki A, Wada Y (1995) Movement of individually marked Aedes albopictus females in Nagasaki, Japan. Jpn J Sanit Zool 46: 131–138.
[52]
Bonnet DD, Worcester DJ (1946) The dispersal of Aedes albopictus in the territory of Hawaii. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1: 465–476.
[53]
Sunahara T, Ishizaka K, Mogi M (2002) Habitat size: a factor determining the opportunity for encounters between mosquito larvae and aquatic predators. J Vector Ecol 27: 8–20.
[54]
Axtell R, Rutz D, Edwards T (1980) Field tests of insecticides and insect growth regulators for the control of Culex quinquefasciatus in anaerobic animal waste lagoons. Mosquito News 40: 36–42.
[55]
Miura T, Takahashi R (1974) Insect developmental inhibitors. Effects of candidate mosquito control agents on nontarget aquatic organisms. Environ Entomol 3: 631–636.
[56]
Miura T, Takahashi R (1973) Insect developmental inhibitors. 3. effects on nontarget aquatic organisms. J Econ Entomol 66: 917–922.
[57]
Mulla M, Darwazeh H, Kennedy B, Dawson D (1986) Evaluation of new insect growth regulators against mosquitoes with notes on nontarget organisms. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2: 314.
