Snow surface-to-air exchange of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) was measured using a modified Teflon fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) dynamic flux chamber (DFC) in a remote, open site in Potsdam, New York. Sampling was conducted during the winter months of 2011. The inlet and outlet of the DFC were coupled with a Tekran Model 2537A mercury (Hg) vapor analyzer using a Tekran Model 1110 two port synchronized sampler. The surface GEM flux ranged from ?4.47 ng m?2 hr?1 to 9.89 ng m?2 hr?1. For most sample periods, daytime GEM flux was strongly correlated with solar radiation. The average nighttime GEM flux was slightly negative and was not well correlated with any of the measured meteorological variables. Preliminary, empirical models were developed to estimate GEM emissions from snow surfaces in northern New York. These models suggest that most, if not all, of the Hg deposited with and to snow is reemitted to the atmosphere.
References
[1]
EPA (2013) Laws and Regulations | Mercury | US EPA. Available: http://www.epa.gov/hg/regs.htm. Accessed 14 December 2012.
[2]
EU (2011) DIRECTIVE 2011/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2011 on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (recast): 88–110. Available: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexU?riServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:174:0088:0110:EN?:PDF.
[3]
Mergler D, Anderson HA, Chan LHM, Mahaffey KR, Murray M, et al. (2007) Methylmercury Exposure and Health Effects in Humans: A Worldwide Concern. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 36: : 3–11. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447(2007?)36[3:MEAHEI]2.0.CO;2. Accessed 14 December 2012.
[4]
Lin C-J, Pehkonen SO (1999) The chemistry of atmospheric mercury: a review. Atmospheric Environment 33: : 2067–2079. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(98)?00387-2. Accessed 14 December 2012.
Lindqvist O, Rodhe H (1985) Atmospheric mercury-a review. Tellus B 37B: : 136–159. Available: http://www.tellusb.net/index.php/tellusb?/article/view/15010. Accessed 14 December 2012.
[7]
Selin NE, Jacob DJ, Yantosca RM, Strode S, Jaegle L, et al. (2008) Global 3-D Land-Ocean-Atmosphere Model for Mercury: Present- Day Versus Preindustrial Cycles and Anthropogenic Enrichment Factors for Deposition. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 22: 13.
[8]
Ferrari C, Gauchard P, Aspmo K, Dommergue A, Magand O, et al. (2005) Snow-to-air exchanges of mercury in an Arctic seasonal snow pack in Ny-?lesund, Svalbard. Atmospheric Environment 39: : 7633–7645. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.200?5.06.058. Accessed 14 December 2012.
[9]
Ariya PA, Dastoor AP, Amyot M, Schroeder WH, Barrie L, et al. (2004) The Arctic: a sink for mercury. Tellus B 56: : 397–403. Available: http://www.tellusb.net/index.php/tellusb?/article/view/16458. Accessed 14 December 2012.
[10]
Skov H, Christensen JH, Goodsite ME, Heidam NZ, Jensen B, et al. (2004) Fate of Elemental Mercury in the Arctic during Atmospheric Mercury Depletion Episodes and the Load of Atmospheric Mercury to the Arctic. Environmental Science & Technology 38: : 2373–2382. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es030080h. Accessed 14 December 2012.
[11]
Lindberg SE, Brooks S, Lin C-J, Scott KJ, Landis MS, et al. (2002) Dynamic Oxidation of Gaseous Mercury in the Arctic Troposphere at Polar Sunrise. Environmental Science & Technology 36: : 1245–1256. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0111941. Accessed 14 December 2012.
[12]
Lalonde JD, Poulain AJ, Amyot M (2002) The Role of Mercury Redox Reactions in Snow on Snow-to-Air Mercury Transfer. Environmental Science & Technology 36: : 174–178. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es010786g. Accessed 14 December 2012.
[13]
Lalonde JD, Amyot M, Doyon M-R, Auclair J-C (2003) Photo-induced Hg(II) reduction in snow from the remote and temperate Experimental Lakes Area (Ontario, Canada). Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984–2012) 108: 4200.
[14]
Nelson SJ, Fernandez IJ, Kahl JS (2010) A review of mercury concentration and deposition in snow in eastern temperate North America. Hydrological Processes 24: 1971–1980.
[15]
Fa?n X, Grangeon S, Bahlmann E, Fritsche J, Obrist D, et al. (2007) Diurnal production of gaseous mercury in the alpine snowpack before snowmelt. Journal of Geophysical Research 112: : D21311. Available: http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/20?07JD008520.shtml. Accessed 14 December 2012.
[16]
Dommergue A, Ferrari CP, Poissant L, Gauchard P-A, Boutron CF (2003) Diurnal Cycles of Gaseous Mercury within the Snowpack at Kuujjuarapik/Whapmagoostui, Québec, Canada. Environmental Science & Technology 37: : 3289–3297. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es026242b. Accessed 14 December 2012.
[17]
Choi H-D, Holsen TM (2009) Gaseous mercury fluxes from the forest floor of the Adirondacks. Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex□: 1987) 157: : 592–600. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2008.?08.020. Accessed 14 December 2012.
[18]
Zhang H, Lindberg SE, Barnett MO, Vette AF, Gustin MS (2002) Dynamic flux chamber measurement of gaseous mercury emission fluxes over soils. Part 1: simulation of gaseous mercury emissions from soils using a two-resistance exchange interface model. Atmospheric Environment 36: : 835–846. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)?00501-5. Accessed 14 December 2012.
[19]
Lindberg SE, Zhang H, Vette AF, Gustin MS, Barnett MO, et al. (2002) Dynamic flux chamber measurement of gaseous mercury emission fluxes over soils: Part 2–effect of flushing flow rate and verification of a two-resistance exchange interface simulation model. Atmospheric Environment 36: : 847–859. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)?00502-7. Accessed 14 December 2012.
[20]
Eckley CS, Gustin M, Lin C-J, Li X, Miller MB (2010) The influence of dynamic chamber design and operating parameters on calculated surface-to-air mercury fluxes. Atmospheric Environment 44: : 194–203. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.200?9.10.013. Accessed 14 December 2012.
[21]
Carpi A, Frei A, Cocris D, McCloskey R, Contreras E, et al. (2007) Analytical artifacts produced by a polycarbonate chamber compared to a Teflon chamber for measuring surface mercury fluxes. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 388: : 361–365. Available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17260?134. Accessed 14 December 2012.
[22]
Savitzky A, Golay MJE (1964) Smoothing and Differentiation of Data by Simplified Least Squares Procedures. Analytical Chemistry 36: : 1627–1639. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac60214a047. Accessed 31 October 2012.
[23]
Shapiro SS, Wilk MB (1965) An Analysis of Variance Test for Normality (Complete Samples). Biometrika 52: 591–611 Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/2333?709.
[24]
Pearson K (1895) No Title. Royal Society Proceedings. 241.
[25]
Gbor P, Wen D, Meng F, Yang F, Zhang B, et al. (2006) Improved model for mercury emission, transport and deposition. Atmospheric Environment 40: : 973–983. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.200?5.10.040. Accessed 14 December 2012.
[26]
Steffen A, Douglas T, Amyot M, Ariya P, Aspmo K, et al. (2008) A synthesis of atmospheric mercury depletion event chemistry in the atmosphere and snow. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8