全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...
PLOS ONE  2013 

A Multi-Year Longitudinal Study of Water Quality Parameters in Four Salmon-Bearing and Recreational Streams on Mount Hood, Oregon

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070453

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

Four streams–Clear Fork, Lost Creek, Camp Creek and Still Creek–in northwestern Oregon’s Sandy River Basin were monitored for temperature, dissolved oxygen levels, and fecal bacterial concentrations in a multi-year analysis examining stream health for recreational users and anchor habitat for Pacific Salmon. Temperatures were recorded using micro –T temperature loggers at 15 locations, during 22 July - 5 September 2006, 2 July - 4 September 2007, 20 June - 7 September 2008, 23 June - 9 September 2009, and 2 July –9 September 2010. The Seven-Day Average Maximum water temperature (7-DAM) of 13°C was used as a reference value for the biological limit governing suitable salmonid spawning and egg incubation conditions. The maximum 7-DAM temperatures occurred on different dates and all streams neared or exceeded the 13°C standard at least once each summer. Dissolved oxygen levels were measured at weekly or longer intervals in 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009. Dissolved oxygen levels fell below the 9.0 ppm standard for Clear Fork on almost half the sampling dates in 2006, 2007, and 2009. Concentrations of the bacterial genus Enterococcus were measured as an indicator of fecal contamination. Samples were collected at 15 sites along the four streams. Weekly samples were collected during a 9 week period from July - September 2007, an 11 week period from June - September 2008, and an 11 week period from June - September 2009. Enterococcus counts exceeded the federal recommended national criterion value of 61 colony forming units (CFU) per 100 mL every year in Camp Creek and occasionally elsewhere, with exceedances trending towards late summer.

References

[1]  Roni P, Beechie TJ, Bilby RE, Leonetti FE, Pollock MM, et al. (2002) A Review of Stream Restoration Techniques and a Hierarchical Strategy for Prioritizing Restoration in Pacific Northwest Watersheds. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 22: 1–20.
[2]  Lackey RT, Lach DH, Duncan SL (2006) Introduction: The Challenge of Restoring Wild Salmon. In: Salmon 2100: the Future of Wild Pacific Salmon, R.T. Lackey, D.H. Lach, and S.L. Duncan (Editors). American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland, 1–11.
[3]  Sandy River Basin Working Group (2007) Sandy River Basin Aquatic Habitat Restoration Strategy: An Anchor Habitat-based Prioritization of Restoration Opportunities. Oregon Trout, 66p.
[4]  National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration’s National Marine Fisheries Service, ESA Salmon Listings. Available: http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/ESA-Salmon-Listi?ngs/. Accessed 2012 May 19.
[5]  Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife website. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) (2003) Native Fish Conservation Policy. 635-007-0502-635-007-0509, 11p.
[6]  Wedemeyer GA, McLeay DJ (1981) Methods for Determining the Tolerance of Fishes to Environmental Stressors. In A.D. Pickering (ed) Stress and Fish, New York, Academic Press, 247–275.
[7]  Brannon EL, Powell MS, Quinn TP, Talbot A (2004) Population Structure of Columbia River Basin Chinook Salmon and Steelhead Trout. Reviews in Fisheries Science 12: 99–232.
[8]  Groot C, Margolis L, Clarke WC (1995) Physiological Ecology of Pacific Salmon. UBC Press, Vancouver, B.C. ISBN 0-7748-0479-3.
[9]  Poole GC, Risley J, Hicks M (2001) Issue Paper 3 Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Stream Temperature (Revised). U.S. EPA-910-D-01-003, 35p.
[10]  Poole GC, Dunham J, Hicks M, Keenan D, Lockwood J, et al.. (2001) Scientific Issues Relation to Temperature Criteria for Salmon, Trout, and Char Native to the Pacific Northwest. U.S. EPA 910-R-01-007, 24p.
[11]  Poole GC, Berman CH (2001) An Ecological Perspective on In-stream Temperature: Natural Heat Dynamics and Mechanisms of Human-caused Thermal Degradation. Environmental Management 27(6): 787–802.
[12]  Richter A, Kolmes S (2005) Maximum Temperature Limits for Chinook, Coho, and Chum Salmon, and Steelhead Trout in the Pacific Northwest. Reviews in Fisheries Science 13: 23–49.
[13]  Bisson P A, Bilby RE, Bryant MD, Dolloff CA, Grette GB, et al.. (1987) Large woody debris in forested streams in the Pacific Northwest: past, present, and future. In Salo EO, Cundy TW (editors), Streamside management: forestry and fisheries interactions, Institute of Forest Resources Contribution No. 57, University of Washington, Seattle. 143–190.
[14]  Environmental Protection Agency (2003) EPA Region 10 Guidance for Pacific Northwest State and Tribal Temperature Water Quality Standards. U.S. EPA, Seattle, WA. EPA 910-B-03-002, 57pp. Available: http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/water.nsf/6c?b1a1df2c49e4968825688200712cb7/b3f932e58?e2f3b9488256d16007d3bcaOpenDocument. Accessed 2012 May 20.
[15]  Sullivan K, Martin DJ, Cardwell RD, Toll JE, Duke S (2000) An Analysis of the Effects of Temperature on Salmonids of the Pacific Northwest with Implications for Selecting Temperature Criteria. Portland, Oregon, Sustainable Ecosystems Institute. 192pp.
[16]  Wedemeyer GA (1996) Physiology of Fish in Intensive Culture Systems. New York, Chapman & Hall.
[17]  Kocan R, Hershberger P, Sanders G, Winton J (2009) Effects of Temperature on Disease Progression and Swimming Stamina in Ichthyophonus-Infected Rainbow Trout, Oncorthynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Journal of Fish Diseases 32: 835–843 DOI:–10.1111/j.1365–2761.2009.01059.x.
[18]  Eaton AD, Clesceri LS, Rice EW, Greenburg AE, Franson MAH (Editors) (2005) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21st edition.. Washington, D.C., American Public Health Association ISBN-13: 978–0875530475.
[19]  Environmental Protection Agency (2002) Method 1106.1: Enterococci in Water by Membrane Filtration Using Membrane-Enterococcus-Esculin Iron Agar (mE-EIA). Washington D.C., U.S. EPA. EPA 821-R-02-021, 12pp. Available: http://www.epa.gov/nerlcwww/online.html#?1106 Accessed 2013 July 9.
[20]  Cabelli VJ, Dufour AP, Levin MA, McCabe LJ, Haberman PW (1979) Relationship of Microbial Indicators to Health Effects at Marine Bathing Beaches. American Journal of Public Health (AJPH) 69(7): 690–696.
[21]  Environmental Protection Agency (2004) Implementation Guidance for Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Bacteria. U.S. EPA Office of Water Washington, D.C. EPA-823-B-02-003, 92 p. Available: http://www.waterquality.utah.gov/WQS/200?71017_Implementation_Guidance-Bacteria.p?df. Accessed 2012 July 11.
[22]  Yanong RPE, Francis-Floyd R (2002) Streptococcal Infections of Fish. Circular 57, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 6p.
[23]  Neish GA (1977) Observation on Saprolegniasis of Adult Sockeye Salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum). Journal of Fish Biology 10(5): 513–522.
[24]  Oregon Department of Environmental Quality website. Oregon Department of Environmental Quality Rules for dissolved oxygen, Available: http://www.deq.state.or.us/wq/rules/div0?41/table21.pdf. Accessed 2012 July 11.
[25]  Brown C, Hallock D (2009) Washington State Dissolved Oxygen Standard, A Review and Discussion of Freshwater Intragravel Criteria Development, 75 pp, Available: https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications?/publications/0903039.pdf.Accessed 2012 July 11.
[26]  Hicks M (2002) Part II: The Effect of Dissolved Oxygen on the Freshwater Aquatic Life of Washington. In: Evaluating Criteria for the Protection of Freshwater Aquatic Life in Washington’s Surface Water Quality Standards: Dissolved Oxygen. Draft Discussion Paper and Literature Summary. Revised December 2002. Washington State Department of Ecology, Olympia, WA. Publication No.00-10-071. http://www.ecy.wa.gov/biblio/0010071.htm?l.
[27]  Schroeder RK, Kenaston KR, Krentz LK (2005) Spring Chinook Salmon in the Willamette and Sandy Rivers. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife F-163-R-10, 96pp. Available: http://nrimp.dfw.state.or.us/crl/Reports?/AnnPro/Chsfinal03.pdf. Accessed 2012 May 20.
[28]  Schroeder RK, Kenaston KR, McLaughlin LK (2007) Spring Chinook Salmon in the Willamette and Sandy Rivers. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife F-163-R-11/12, 66pp. Available: http://nrimp.dfw.state.or.us/CRL/Reports?/AnnPro/annual%2006-07_final_web%20v3.pd?f. Accessed 2012 May 20.
[29]  Major JJ, O’Connor JE, Podolak CJ, Keith MK, Grant GE, et al.. (2012) Geomorphic Response of the Sandy River, Oregon, to Removal of Marmot Dam, USGS Professional Paper 1792, 64 pp. Available: http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1792/pp1792_text?.pdf. Accessed 2012 July 11.
[30]  Caissie D (2006) The thermal regime of rivers: a review. Freshwater Biology 51: 1389–1406.
[31]  Sandy River Basin Partners (2005) Sandy River Basin Characterization Report, 158 pages and 6 Appendices. Available: http://www.sandyriverpartners.org/pdfs/S?RBCR7-20-05.pdf. Accessed 2013 July 9.
[32]  Gary HL (1982) Stream water quality in a small commercial campground in Colorado. Journal of Environmental Health 45: 5–11.
[33]  Flack JE, Medine AJ, Hansen-Bristow KJ (1988) Stream Water Quality in a Mountain Recreation Area. Mountain Research and Development 8: 11–2.
[34]  Varness KJ, Pacha RE, Lapin RF (1978) Effects of dispersed recreational activities on the microbiological quality of forest surface water. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 36: 95–104.
[35]  Native Fish Society website. Lichatowitch J, first expert witness declaration. Available: http://nativefishsociety.org/wp-content/?uploads/12-431-Lichatowich-Declaration-F?INAL.pdf. Accessed 2012 June 20.
[36]  Native Fish Society website. Lichatowitch J, second expert witness declaration. Available: http://nativefishsociety.org/wp-content/?uploads/12-431-Second-Lichatowich-Decl-F?INAL.pdf. Accessed 2013 June 20.
[37]  Native Fish Society website. Frissell C, first expert witness declaration. Available: http://nativefishsociety.org/wp-content/?uploads/12-431-Frissell-Declaration-FINA?L.pdf. Accessed 2012 June 20.
[38]  Native Fish Society website. Frissell C, second expert witness declaration. Available: http://nativefishsociety.org/wp-content/?uploads/12-431-Second-Frissell-2d-Declar?ation-FINAL1.pdf. Accessed 2012 June 20.
[39]  Native Fish Society, Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief. Available: http://nativefishsociety.org/wp-content/?uploads/11-431-Complaint-FILED-STAMPED.p?df. Accessed 2012 June 20.
[40]  Kolmes SA (2004) Salmon Farms and Hatcheries. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 46: 40–43.

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133