Obesity-Related Eating Behaviors Are Associated with Higher Food Energy Density and Higher Consumption of Sugary and Alcoholic Beverages: A Cross-Sectional Study
Objectives Obesity-related eating behaviors (OREB) are associated with higher energy intake. Total energy intake can be decomposed into the following constituents: food portion size, food energy density, the number of eating occasions, and the energy intake from energy-rich beverages. To our knowledge this is the first study to examine the association between the OREB and these energy components. Methods Data were taken from a cross-sectional study conducted in 2008–2010 among 11,546 individuals representative of the Spanish population aged ≥18 years. Information was obtained on the following 8 self-reported OREB: not planning how much to eat before sitting down, eating precooked/canned food or snacks bought at vending machines or at fast-food restaurants, not choosing low-energy foods, not removing visible fat from meat or skin from chicken, and eating while watching TV. Usual diet was assessed with a validated diet history. Analyses were performed with linear regression with adjustment for main confounders. Results Compared to individuals with ≤1 OREB, those with ≥5 OREB had a higher food energy density (β 0.10; 95% CI 0.08, 0.12 kcal/g/day; p-trend<0.001) and a higher consumption of sugary drinks (β 7; 95% CI ？7, 20 ml/day; p-trend<0.05) and of alcoholic beverages (β 24; 95% CI 10, 38 ml/day; p-trend<0.001). Specifically, a higher number of OREB was associated with higher intake of dairy products and red meat, and with lower consumption of fresh fruit, oily fish and white meat. No association was found between the number of OREB and food portion size or the number of eating occasions. Conclusions OREB were associated with higher food energy density and higher consumption of sugary and alcoholic beverages. Avoiding OREB may prove difficult because they are firmly socially rooted, but these results may nevertheless serve to palliate the undesirable effects of OREB by reducing the associated energy intake.
References
[1]
Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo (2007) Alimentación saludable. Guía para las familias. Madrid: Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo.
[2]
Dapcich V, Salvador-Castell G, Ribas-Barba L, Pérez-Rodrigo C, Aranceta-Bartrina J, et al.. (2004) Guía de alimentación saludable. Madrid: Sociedad Espa？ola de Nutrición Comunitaria.
[3]
Gidding S, Lichtenstein A, Faith MS, Karpyn A, Mennella J, et al. (2009) Implementing American Heart Association Pediatric and Adult Nutrition Guidelines. Circulation 119: 1161–1175.
[4]
Katzen M, Willet W (2006) Eat, drink, and weight less. New York: Hyperion.
[5]
Mesas A, Guallar-Castillón P, León-Mu？oz L, Graciani A, López-García E, et al. (2012) Obesity-related eating behaviors are associated with low physical activity and poor diet quality in Spain. J Nutr 142: 1321–1328.
[6]
Duffey KJ, Popkin BM (2011) Energy density, portion size, and eating occasions: contributions to increased energy intake in the United States, 1977–2006. PLoS Med 8 (6) e1001050.
[7]
Rolls BJ, Roe LS, Meengs JS (2006) Larger portion sizes lead to a sustained increase in energy intake over 2 days. J Am Diet Assoc 106: 543–549.
[8]
Bell EA, Castellanos VH, Pelkman CL, ThorwartML, Rolls BJ (1998) Energy density of foods affects energy intake in normal-weight women. Am J Clin Nutr 67: 412–420.
[9]
Bell EA, Rolls BJ (2001) Energy density of foods affects energy intake across multiple levels of fat content in lean and obese women. Am J Clin Nutr 73: 1010–1018.
[10]
Rolls BJ (2010) Plenary Lecture 1: Dietary strategies for the prevention and treatment of obesity. Proc Nutr Soc 69: 70–79.
[11]
Bellisle F, McDevitt R, Prentice A (1997) Meal frequency and energy balance. Br J Nutr 77 (S1) S57–S70.
[12]
Popkin BM, Duffey K (2010) Does hunger and satiety drive eating anymore? Increasing eating occasions and decreasing time between eating occasions in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr 91: 1342–1347.
[13]
Pan A, Hu FB (2011) Effects of carbohydrates on satiety: differences between liquid and solid food. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 14: 385–390.
[14]
Yeomans MR (2010) Alcohol, appetite and energy balance: is alcohol intake a risk factor for obesity? Physiol Behav 100: 82–89.
[15]
Rodríguez-Artalejo F, Graciani A, Guallar-Castillón P, León-Mu？oz L, Zuluaga M, et al. (2011) Rationale and methods of the Study on Nutrition and Cardiovascular Risk in Spain (ENRICA). Rev Esp Cardiol 64: 876–882.
[16]
EPIC Group of Spain (1997) Relative validity and reproducibility of a diet history questionnaire in Spain. I. Foods. EPIC Group of Spain. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Int J Epidemiol 26 Suppl 1: S91–S99.
[17]
EPIC Group of Spain (1997) Relative validity and reproducibility of a diet history questionnaire in Spain. II. Nutrients. EPIC Group of Spain. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Int J Epidemiol 26 Suppl 1: S100–S109.
[18]
Bes-Rastrollo M, van Dam RM, Martínez-González MA, Li TY, Sampson LL, et al. (2008) Prospective study of dietary energy density and weight gain in women. Am J Clin Nutr 88: 769–777.
[19]
Mesas AE, León-Mu？oz LM, Guallar-Castillón P, Graciani A, Gutiérrez-Fisac JL, et al. (2012) Obesity-related eating behaviours in the adult population of Spain, 2008–2010. Obes Rev 13: 858–867.
[20]
Pols M, Peeters P, Ocke M, Slimani N, Bueno-de-Mesquita H, et al. (1997) Estimation of reproducibility and relative validity of the questions included in the EPIC Physical Activity Questionnaire. Int J Epidemiol 26 (S1) S181–S189.
[21]
Gutiérrez-Fisac JL, Guallar-Castillón P, León-Mu？oz LM, Graciani A, Banegas JR, et al. (2012) Prevalence of general and abdominal obesity in the adult population of Spain, 2008–2010: the ENRICA study. Obes Rev 13: 388–392.
[22]
Stata Survey Data Reference Manual (2009) Release 11, USA: Texas.
[23]
León-Mu？oz LM, Guallar-Castillón P, Graciani A, López-García E, Mesas AE, et al. (2012) Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet Pattern Has Declined in Spanish Adults. J Nutr 2012 Aug 8. [Epub ahead of print].
[24]
Ng SW, Ni Mhurchu C, Jebb SA, Popkin BM (2012) Patterns and trends of beverage consumption among children and adults in Great Britain, 1986–2009. Br J Nutr 108: 536–551.
[25]
Duffey KJ, Popkin BM (2007) Shifts in patterns and consumption of beverages between 1965 and 2002. Obesity 15: 2739–2747.
[26]
Bleich SN, Wang YC, Wang Y, Gortmaker SL (2009) Increasing consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages among US adults: 1988–1994 to 1999–2004. Am J Clin Nutr 89: 372–381.
[27]
Mozaffarian D, Hao T, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hu FB (2011) Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men. N Engl J Med 364: 2392–2404.
[28]
Brown CM, Dulloo AG, Montani JP (2008) Sugary drinks in the pathogenesis of obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Int J Obes (Lond) 32 Suppl 6: S28–S34.
[29]
Schr？der H, F？to M, Covas M (2007) Association of fast food consumption with energy intake, diet quality, body mass index and the risk of obesity in a representative Mediterranean population. Br J Nutr 98: 1274–1280.
[30]
Wiecha J, Finkelstein D, Troped P, Fragala M, Peterson K (2006) School vending machine use and fast-food restaurant use are associated with sugar-sweetened beverage intake in youth. J Am Diet Assoc 106: 1624–1630.
[31]
Paeratakul S, Ferdinand D, Champagne C, Ryan D, Bray G (2003) Fast-food consumption among US adults and children: Dietary and nutrient intake profile. J Am Diet Assoc 103: 1332–1338.
[32]
Feldman S, Eisenberg ME, Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M (2007) Associations between watching TV during family meals and dietary intake among adolescents. J Nutr Educ Behav 39: 257–263.
[33]
Cleland VJ, Schmidt MD, Dwyer T, Venn AJ (2008) Television viewing and abdominal obesity in young adults: is the association mediated by food and beverage consumption during viewing time or reduced leisure-time physical activity? Am J Clin Nutr 87: 1148–1155.
[34]
Rey-López J, Vicente-Rodríguez G, Répásy J, Mesana M, Ruiz J, et al. (2011) Food and drink intake during TV viewing in adolescents: the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) study. Public Health Nutr 14: 1563–1569.
[35]
Mesas AE, Mu？oz-Pareja M, López-García E, Rodríguez-Artalejo F (2012) Selected eating behaviours and excess body weight: a systematic review. Obes Rev 13: 106–135.
[36]
Thomson M, Spence J, Raine K, Laing L (2008) The association of TV viewing with snacking behavior and body weight of young adults. Am J Health Promot 22: 329–335.
[37]
Breslow R, Guenther P, Juan W, Graubard B (2010) Alcoholic beverage consumption, nutrient intakes, and diet quality in the US adult population, 1999–2006. J Am Diet Assoc 110: 551–562.
[38]
Valencia-Martín JL, Galán I, Rodríguez-Artalejo F (2011) The association between alcohol consumption patterns and adherence to food consumption guidelines. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 35: 2075–2081.
[39]
Sayon-Orea C, Martínez-Gonzalez MA, Bes-Rastrollo M (2011) Alcohol consumption and body weight: a systematic review. Nutr Rev 69: 419–431.
[40]
Hall KD, Sacks G, Chandramohan D, Chow CC, Wang YC, et al. (2011) Quantification of the effect of energy imbalance on bodyweight. Lancet 378: 826–837.
[41]
Popkin BM, Armstrong LE, Bray GM, Caballero B, Frei B, et al. (2006) A new proposed guidance system for beverage consumption in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr 83: 529–542.
