| [1] | UNGA (2007) Resolution 61/105: Sustainable fisheries, including through the 1995 Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, and related instruments. UNGA A/RES/61/105, 21 p. Available: http://www.un.org/depts/los/general_asse？mbly/general_assembly_resolutions.htm. Accessed 2013 Nov.
|
| [2] | SPRFMO (2007) Interim measures adopted by participants in negotiations to establish the South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation: Bottom Fisheries. Adopted at the 3rd SPRFMO Meeting, Re？aca, Chile, May 2007. Available: http://www.southpacificrfmo.org/interim-？measures/. Accessed November 2013.
|
| [3] | FAO (2009) International Guidelines for the Management of Deep Sea Fisheries in the High Seas. Publisher: Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome. 1–21 (English text). Available: http://www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0816t/i08？16t00.htm. Accessed 2013 Nov.
|
| [4] | UNGA (2010) Resolution 64/72: Sustainable fisheries, including through the 1995 Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, and related instruments. UNGA A/RES/64/72, 26 p. Available http://www.un.org/depts/los/general_asse？mbly/general_assembly_resolutions.htm. Accessed 2013 Nov.
|
| [5] | Hobday AJ, Smith A, Webb H, Daley R, Wayte S et al.. (2007) Ecological Risk Assessment for Effects of Fishing. Report R04/1072 for the Australian Fisheries Management Authority, Canberra, 174 p.
|
| [6] | Hobday AJ, Smith ADM, Stobutzki IC, Bulman C, Daley R, et al. (2011) Ecological risk assessment for the effects of fishing. Fisheries Research 108(2–3): 372–384.
|
| [7] | Davies AJ, Guinotte JM (2011) Global habitat suitability for framework-forming cold-water corals. PlosONE, 6(4): 1–15. Available: http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Ado？i%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0018483. Accessed 2013 Nov.
|
| [8] | Ministry of Fisheries (2008) Bottom Fishery Impact Assessment: Bottom Fishing Activities by New Zealand Vessels Fishing in the High Seas in the SPRFMO Area during 2008 and 2009. Impact Assessment Report to SPRFMO, 102 p. Available: http://www.southpacificrfmo.org/benthic-？impact-assessments/. Accessed 2013 Nov.
|
| [9] | Penney AJ, Parker SJ, Brown JH (2009) Protection measures implemented by New Zealand for vulnerable marine ecosystems in the South Pacific Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series 397: 341–354. Available http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v3？97/p341-354/. Accessed 2013 Nov.
|
| [10] | Clark MR (2008) Descriptive analysis of orange roughy fisheries in the New Zealand region outside the EEZ: Lord Howe Rise, Northwest Challenger Plateau, West Norfolk Ridge, South Tasman Rise, and Louisville Ridge to the end of the 2005–06 fishing year. New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report 2008/12 46 p.
|
| [11] | Clark MR (2008) Descriptive analysis of orange roughy fisheries in the New Zealand region outside the EEZ: Lord Howe Rise, Northwest Challenger Plateau, West Norfolk Ridge, and Louisville Ridge to the end of the 2006？07 fishing year. New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report 2008/66 24 p.
|
| [12] | Clark MR, Dunn MR, Anderson OF (2010) Development of estimates of biomass and sustainable catches for orange roughy fisheries in the New Zealand region outside the EEZ:CPUE analyses, and application of the “seamount meta-analysis” approach. New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report 2010/19 47 p.
|
| [13] | Penney AJ (2011) Mapping of high seas bottom fishing effort data: purposes, problems and proposals. Paper SP-10-DW-02, 10th Meeting of the SPRFMO Scientific Working Group, Vanuatu, September 2011. 19 p. Available http://www.southpacificrfmo.org/tenth-sw？g-meeting/. Accessed Novemebr 2013.
|
| [14] | GEBCO (2010) General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans: The GEBCO_08 global 30 arc-second grid. Available: http://www.gebco.net/data_and_products/g？ridded_bathymetry_data/. Accessed November 2013.
|
| [15] | Ministry of Fisheries (2010) New Zealand National Report on Fishing and Research Activities in the SPRFMO Area during 2009. Report to the 9th Meeting of the SPRFMO Scientific Working Group, Vi？a del Mar, Chile: 21–29 October 2010, SP-09-SWG-05: 11 p. Available: http://www.southpacificrfmo.org/ninth-sw？g-meeting/. Accessed 2013 Nov.
|
| [16] | Baird SJ, Wood BA, Bagley NW (2011) Nature and extent of commercial fishing effort on or near the seafloor within the New Zealand 200 n.mile Exclusive Economic Zone, 1989–90 to 2004–05. New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 73, 48 p. plus Appendices.
|
| [17] | Griffiths S, Kenyon R, Bulman C, Dowdney J, Williams A et al.. (2007) Ecological Risk Assessment for Effects of Fishing: Report for the Northern Prawn Fishery. Report for the Australian Fisheries Management Authority, Canberra, 307 p.
|
| [18] | Patrick WS, Spencer P, Ormseth O, Cope J, Field J et al. (undated) Use of productivity and susceptibility indices to determine the vulnerability of a stock: with example applications to six U.S. fisheries. NOAA NMFS Vulnerability Evaluation Working Group Report, 117 p.
|
| [19] | Williams A, Dowdney J, Smith ADM, Hobday AJ, Fuller M (2011) Evaluating impacts of fishing on benthic habitats: A risk assessment framework applied to Australian fisheries. Fisheries Research 112: 154–167.
|
| [20] | Watling L, Norse E (1998) Disturbance of the seabed by mobile fishing gear: a comparison to forest clear-cutting. Conservation Biology 12: 1180–1197.
|
| [21] | Hall-Spencer J, Allain V, Fossa JH (2002) Trawling damage to Northeast Atlantic ancient coral reefs. Proceedings of the Royal Society London B 269: 507–511.
|
| [22] | Koslow JA, Boehlert GW, Gordon JDM, Haedrich RL, Lorance P, et al. (2000) Continental slope and deep-sea fisheries: Implications for a fragile ecosystem. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57: 548–57.
|
| [23] | Koslow JA, Gowlett-Holmes K, Lowry JK, O’Hara T, Poore GCB, et al. (2001) Seamount benthic macrofauna off southern Tasmania: community structure and impacts of trawling. Marine Ecology Progress Series 213: 111–125.
|
| [24] | Clark MR, Rowden AA (2009) Effect of deepwater trawling on the macro-invertebrate assemblages of seamounts on the Chatham Rise, New Zealand. Deep Sea Research I 56: 1540–1554.
|
| [25] | Althaus F, Williams A, Schlacher TA, Kloser RK, Green MA et al.. (2009) Impacts of bottom trawling on deep-coral ecosystems of seamounts are long-lasting. Marine Ecology Progress Series 397: 279–294. Available: http://www.int-res.com/articles/theme/m3？97p279.pdf. Accessed 2013 Nov.
|
| [26] | Waller R, Watling L, Auster P, Shank T (2007) Anthropogenic impacts on the Corner Rise seamounts, north-west Atlantic Ocean. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87: 1075–1076.
|
| [27] | Rogers AD, Clark MR, Hall-Spencer JM, Gjerde KM (2008) The Science behind the Guidelines: A scientific guide to the FAO Draft International Guidelines (December 2007) for the Management of Deep-Sea Fisheries in the High Seas and examples of how the guidelines may be practically implemented. IUCN, Switzerland, 39 p. Available: http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/scienc？e_behind_the_guidelines_low_res.pdf. Accessed 2013 Nov.
|
| [28] | Williams A, Schlacher TA, Rowden AA, Althaus F, Clark MR et al.. (2010) Seamount megabenthic assemblages fail to recover from trawling impacts. Marine Ecology 31(s1): 183–199. Available: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.11？11/j.1439-0485.2010.00385.x/abstract. Accessed 2013 Nov.
|
| [29] | Neil H, Tracey D, Clark MR, Marriot P (2011) Age and growth of habitat-forming Solenosmilia variabilis – an assessment of recovery potential. Presentation and abstract. In: “Understanding, Managing and Conserving our Marine Environment”, NZMSS Conference, Stewart Island, New Zealand, 5–8 July 2011.
|
| [30] | Sharp BR, Watters GM (2011) Marine Protected Area planning by New Zealand and the United States in the Ross Sea region. CCAMLR WS-MPA-11/25, 39 p. Available: http://www.ccamlr.org/en/ws-mpa-11/25. Accessed 2013 Nov.
|
| [31] | Clark CW (1996) Marine reserves and the precautionary management of fisheries. Ecological Applications 6: 369–370.
|
| [32] | Lauck T, Clark CW, Mangel M, Munro GR (1998) Implementing the precautionary principle in fisheries management through marine reserves. Ecological Applications 8: S72–S78.
|
| [33] | Botsford LW, Hastings A, Gaines S (2001) Dependence of sustainability on the configuration of marine reserves and larval dispersal distance. Ecology Letters 4(2): 144–150.
|
| [34] | Airame S, Dugan JE, Lafferty KD, Leslie H, McArdle DA, et al. (2003) Applying ecological criteria to marine reserve design: A case study from the California Channel Islands. Ecological Applications 13(1): 170–184.
|
| [35] | Tracey DM, Rowden AA, Mackay KA, Compton T (2011) Habitat-forming cold-water corals show affinity for seamounts in the New Zealand Region. Marine Ecology Progress Series 430: 1–22. Available: http://www.int-res.com/articles/feature/？m430p001.pdf. Accessed 2013 Nov.
|
| [36] | Yesson C, Taylor ML, Tittensor DP, Davies AJ, Guinotte J et al.. (2012) Global habitat suitability of cold-water octocorals. Journal of Biogeography 39: 1278–1292. Available: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.11？11/j.1365-2699.2011.02681.x/abstract. Accessed 2013 Nov.
|
| [37] | NEAFC (2010) Information on the protection of biodiversity and mitigating impact of fisheries in the North East Atlantic. A report prepared by the NEAFC Secretariat for CBD COP 10 Agenda item 5.2 and 5.4, Nagoya October 2010, 6 p. Available: http://www.neafc.org/system/files/biodiv？ersity_protection_report_nagoya52%20_and？_54_19oct2010.pdf. Accessed 2013 Nov.
|
| [38] | NMFS (2007) Draft for initial review: Environmental Assessment/Regulatory Impact Review/Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis for an amendment to the Fishery Management Plan (FMP) for groundfish of the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands Management Area (BSAI) (#89), and regulatory amendments for Bering Sea Habitat Conservation. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Region, March 2007, 165 p.
|
| [39] | Clark MR, Bowden DA, Baird SJ, Stewart R (2010) Effects of fishing on the benthic biodiversity of seamounts of the “Graveyard” complex, northern Chatham Rise. New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report 46: 40 p.
|
| [40] | Stone RP (2006) Coral habitat in the Aleutian Islands of Alaska: depth distribution, fine-scale species associations, and fisheries interactions. Coral Reefs 25: 229–238. Available: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007？/s00338-006-0091-z. Accessed 2013 Nov.
|
| [41] | Rieser A, Watling L, Guinotte JM (2013) Trawl fisheries, catch shares and the protection of benthic marine ecosystems: Has ownership generated incentives for seafloor stewardship? Marine Policy 40: 75–83.
|
| [42] | Auster PJ, Gjerde K, Heupel E, Watling L, Grehan A, et al. (2011) Definition and detection of vulnerable marine ecosystems on the high seas: problems with the “move-on” rule. ICES Journal of Marine Science 68: 254–264.
|
| [43] | Weaver PPE, Benn A, Arana PM, Ardron JA, Bailey DM et al.. (2011) The impact of deep-sea fisheries and implementation of the UNGA Resolutions 61/105 and 64/72. Report of an international scientific workshop, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, 45 p. Available: http://epic.awi.de/24870/1/Wea2011a.pdf. Accessed 2013 Nov.
|
| [44] | Ball IR, Possingham HP, Watts M (2009) Marxan and relatives: Software for spatial conservation prioritisation. Chapter 14: Pages 185–195. In Spatial conservation prioritisation: Quantitative methods and computational tools. Eds Moilanen A., Wilson KA, Possingham HP, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
|
| [45] | Parker SJ, Penney AJ, Clark MR (2009) Detection criteria for managing trawl impacts on vulnerable marine ecosystems in high seas fisheries of the South Pacific Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series 397: 309–317. Available: http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v3？97/p309-317/. Accessed 2013 Nov.
|
| [46] | Guinotte JM, Davies AJ (2012) Predicted deep-sea coral habitat suitability for the U.S. West Coast. Report to NOAA-NMFS Deep-sea Coral Research and Technology Program, 85 p.
|
| [47] | Ross R, Howell KL (2012) Use of predictive habitat modelling to assess the distribution and extent of the current protection of ‘listed’ deep-sea habitats. Diversity and Distributions, Available: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.11？11/ddi.12010/abstract. Accessed 2013 Nov.
|
