| [1] | Rosenzweig C, Casassa G, Karoly DJ, Imeson A, Liu C, et al. (2007) Assessment of observed changes and responses in natural and managed systems. In: Parry ML, Canziani OF, Palutikof JP, Linden PJvd, Hanson CE, editors. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 79–131.
|
| [2] | K？rner C, Paulsen J (2004) A world-wide study of high altitude treeline temperatures. Journal of Biogeography 31: 713–732.
|
| [3] | Bonan GB (2008) Forests and climate change: forcings, feedbacks, and the climate benefits of forests. Science 320: 1444–1449.
|
| [4] | Andreu L, Gutierrez E, Macias M, Ribas M, Bosch O, et al. (2007) Climate increases regional tree-growth variability in Iberian pine forests. Global Change Biology 13: 804–815.
|
| [5] | Carrer M, Nola P, Eduard JL, Motta R, Urbinati C (2007) Regional variability of climate-growth relationships in Pinus cembra high elevation forests in the Alps. Journal of Ecology 95: 1072–1083.
|
| [6] | Walther G-R (2004) Plants in a warmer world. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 6: 169–185.
|
| [7] | Brooker RW, Maestre FT, Callaway RM, Lortie CL, Cavieres LA, et al. (2008) Facilitation in plant communities: the past, the present, and the future. Journal of Ecology 96: 18–34.
|
| [8] | Kunstler G, Albert CH, Courbaud B, Lavergne S, Thuiller W, et al. (2011) Effects of competition on tree radial-growth vary in importance but not in intensity along climatic gradients. Journal of Ecology 99: 300–312.
|
| [9] | Parmesan C (2006) Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 37: 637–669.
|
| [10] | Fritts HC (1976) Tree rings and Climate. London, UK: Academic Press.
|
| [11] | K？rner C (1999) Alpine Plant Life - Functional plant ecology of high mountain ecosystem. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
|
| [12] | Allen CD, Macalady AK, Chenchouni H, Bachelet D, McDowell N, et al. (2010) A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests. Forest Ecology and Management 259: 660–684.
|
| [13] | Briffa KR, Osborn TJ, Schweingruber FH (2004) Large-scale temperature inferences from tree rings: a review. Global and Planetary Change 40: 11–26.
|
| [14] | Rozas V, DeSoto L, Olano JM (2009) Sex-specific, age-dependent sensitivity of tree-ring growth to climate in the dioecious tree Juniperus thurifera. New Phytologist 182: 687–697.
|
| [15] | Carrer M (2011) Individualistic and Time-Varying Tree-Ring Growth to Climate Sensitivity. Plos One 6: e22813.
|
| [16] | Parn H (2003) Radial growth response of Scots pine to climate under dust pollution in Northeast Estonia. Water Air and Soil Pollution 144: 343–361.
|
| [17] | Buntgen U, Frank D, Liebhold A, Johnson D, Carrer M, et al. (2009) Three centuries of insect outbreaks across the European Alps. New Phytologist 182: 929–941.
|
| [18] | Carrer M, Urbinati C (2001) Spatial analysis of structural and tree-ring related parameters in a timberline forest in the Italian Alps. Journal of Vegetation Science 12: 643–652.
|
| [19] | Bunn AG, Hughes MK, Salzer MW (2011) Topographically modified tree-ring chronologies as a potential means to improve paleoclimate inference. Climatic Change 105: 627–634.
|
| [20] | Millar CI, Stephenson NL, Stephens SL (2007) Climate change and forests of the future: managing in the face of uncertainty. Ecological Applications 17: 2145–2151.
|
| [21] | Frank D, Esper J (2005) Temperature reconstructions and comparisons with instrumental data from a tree-ring network for the European Alps. International Journal of Climatology 25: 1437–1454.
|
| [22] | Auer I, Bohm R, Jurkovic A, Lipa W, Orlik A, et al. (2007) HISTALP–historical instrumental climatological surface time series of the Greater Alpine Region. International Journal of Climatology 27: 17–46.
|
| [23] | Motta R, Edouard JL (2005) Stand structure and dynamics in a mixed and multilayered forest in the Upper Susa Valley, Piedmont, Italy. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35: 21–36.
|
| [24] | Stokes MA, Smiley TL (1968) Introduction to Tree-Ring Dating. Chicago, IL, USA: University of Chicago Press.
|
| [25] | Holmes RL (1983) Computer-assisted quality control in tree-ring dating and measurement. Tree Ring Bulletin 43: 69–78.
|
| [26] | Cook ER, Holmes RL (1997) ARSTAN: chronology development. In: Grissino Mayer HD, Holmes RL, Fritts HC, editors. The International Tree-Ring Data Bank Program Library, version 21, user's manual. Tucson, AZ, USA: University of Arizona Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research. 75–92.
|
| [27] | Cook ER, Peters K (1981) The smoothing spline: a new approach to standardizing forest interior tree-ring width series for dendroclimatic studies. Tree Ring Bulletin 41: 45–53.
|
| [28] | Wigley TML, Briffa KR, Jones PD (1984) On the average value of correlated time series with applications in dendroclimatology and hydrometeorology. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology 23: 201–213.
|
| [29] | B？hm R, Auer I, Brunetti M, Maugeri M, Nanni T, et al. (2001) Regional temperature variability in the European Alps: 1760–1998 from homogenized instrumental time series. International Journal of Climatology 21: 1779–1801.
|
| [30] | Auer I, B？hm R, Jurkovic A, Orlik A, Potzmann R, et al. (2005) A new instrumental precipitation dataset for the greater alpine region for the period 1800–2002. International Journal of Climatology 25: 139–166.
|
| [31] | Guiot J (1991) The bootstrapped response function. Tree Ring Bulletin 51: 39–41.
|
| [32] | Jolliffe IT (2002) Principal Component Analysis: Springer, New York.
|
| [33] | Peres-Neto PR, Jackson DA, Somers KM (2005) How many principal components? stopping rules for determining the number of non-trivial axes revisited. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 49: 974–997.
|
| [34] | IPCC (2007) Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In: Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M et al., editors; 2007; Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Cambridge University Press. 996.
|
| [35] | Equihua M (1990) Fuzzy clustering of ecological data. Journal of Ecology 78: 519–534.
|
| [36] | Bezdek JC (1981) Pattern Recognition with Fuzzy Objective Function Algorithms. Norwell, MA, USA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 256 p.
|
| [37] | De Caceres M, Oliva F, Font X, Vives S (2007) GINKGO, a program for non-standard multivariate fuzzy analysis. Advances in Fuzzy Sets and Systems 2: 41–56.
|
| [38] | Kaufman L, Rousseeuw PJ (2005) Finding groups in data: an introduction to cluster analysis: Wiley.
|
| [39] | Cook ER, Kairiukstis LA (1990) Methods of Dendrochronology: Applications in the Environmental Sciences. Dondrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 408 p.
|
| [40] | M？kinen H, N？jd P, Kahle HP, Neumann U, Tveite B, et al. (2002) Radial growth variation of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) across latitudinal and altitudinal gradients in central and northern Europe. Forest Ecology and Management 171: 243–259.
|
| [41] | Lebourgeois F (2007) Climatic signal in annual growth variation of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) and spruce (Picea abies Karst.) from the French Permanent Plot Network (RENECOFOR). Annals of Forest Science 64: 333–343.
|
| [42] | Rolland C, Michalet R, Desplanque C, Petetin A, Aimé S (1999) Ecological requirements of Abies alba in the French Alps derived from dendro-ecological analysis. Journal of Vegetation Science 10: 297–306.
|
| [43] | Carrer M, Nola P, Motta R, Urbinati C (2010) Contrasting tree-ring growth to climate responses of Abies alba toward the southern limit of its distribution area. Oikos 119: 1515–1525.
|
| [44] | Büntgen U, Frank DC, Schmidhalter M, Neuwirth B, Seifert M, et al. (2006) Growth/climate response shift in a long subalpine spruce chronology. Trees-Structure and Function 20: 99–110.
|
| [45] | Peguero-Pina JJ, Camarero JJ, Abadia A, Martin E, Gonzalez-Cascon R, et al. (2007) Physiological performance of silver-fir (Abies alba Mill.) populations under contrasting climates near the south-western distribution limit of the species. Flora 202: 226–236.
|
| [46] | Lu P, Biron P, Breda N, Granier A (1995) Water relations of adult Norway spruce (Picea abies (L) Karst.) under soil drought in the Vosges mountains: water potential, stomatal conductance and transpiration. Annales Des Sciences Forestieres 52: 117–129.
|
| [47] | H？ll W (1985) Seasonal fluctuation of reserve materials in the trunkwood of spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.]. Journal of Plant Physiology 117: 355–362.
|
| [48] | Schulze ED, Fuchs MI, Fuchs M (1977) Spacial distribution of photosynthetic capacity and performance in a mountain spruce forest of Northern Germany. Oecologia 29: 43–61.
|
| [49] | Ciais P, Reichstein M, Viovy N, Granier A, Ogee J, et al. (2005) Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003. Nature 437: 529–533.
|
| [50] | Parmesan C, Root TL, Willig MR (2000) Impacts of extreme weather and climate on terrestrial biota. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 81: 443–450.
|
| [51] | Dale VH, Joyce LA, McNulty S, Neilson RP, Ayres MP, et al. (2001) Climate change and forest disturbances. BioScience 51: 723–734.
|
| [52] | Beniston M (2004) Extreme climatic events: examples from the alpine region. Journal De Physique IV 121: 139–149.
|
| [53] | Frank D, Esper J (2005) Characterization and climate response patterns of a high-elevation, multi-species tree-ring network in the European Alps. Dendrochronologia 22: 107–121.
|
| [54] | Oleksyn J, Modrzynski J, Tjoelker MG, Zytkowiak R, Reich PB, et al. (1998) Growth and physiology of Picea abies populations from elevational transects: common garden evidence for altitudinal ecotypes and cold adaptation. Functional Ecology 12: 573–590.
|
| [55] | Aussenac G (2002) Ecology and ecophysiology of circum-Mediterranean firs in the context of climate change. Annals of Forest Science 59: 823–832.
|
| [56] | Niinemets U, Valladares F (2006) Tolerance to shade, drought, and waterlogging of temperate Northern Hemisphere trees and shrubs. Ecological Monographs 76: 521–547.
|
| [57] | Wilson R, Elling W (2004) Temporal instability in tree-growth/climate response in the Lower Bavarian Forest region: implications for dendroclimatic reconstruction. Trees-Structure and Function 18: 19–28.
|
| [58] | Larsen J (1986) Das Tannensterben: Eine neue Hypothese zur Kl？rung des Hintergrundes dieser r？tselhaften Komplexkrankheit der Wei？tanne (Abies alba Mill.). Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt 105: 381–396.
|
| [59] | Hijmans RJ, Cameron SE, Parra JL, Jones PG, Jarvis A (2005) Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology 25: 1965–1978.
|
