[1] | Burnham G (1998) Onchocerciasis. Lancet 351: 1341–1346. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)12450-3
|
[2] | Kirkwood B, Smith P, Marshall T, Prost A (1983) Variations in the prevalence and intensity of microfilarial infections by age, sex, place and time in the area of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 77: 857–861. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(83)90307-3
|
[3] | Remme J, Dadzie KY, Karam M (1983) A force-of-infection model for onchocerciasis and its applications in the epidemiological evaluation of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in the Volta River basin area. Bull World Health Organ 64: 667–681.
|
[4] | Basá?ez M-G, Boussinesq M (1999) Population biology of human onchocerciasis. Phil Trans R Soc Lond 354: 809–826. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1999.0433
|
[5] | Basá?ez M-G, Collins RC, Porter CH, Little MP, Brandling-Bennett D (2002) Transmission intensity and the patterns of Onchocerca volvulus infection in human communities. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67: 669–679.
|
[6] | Duke BO (1993) The population dynamics of Onchocerca volvulus in the human host. Trop Med Parasitol 44: 61–68.
|
[7] | Duerr HP, Raddatz G, Eichner M (2008) Diagnostic value of nodule palpation in onchocerciasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102: 148–154. doi: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.10.009
|
[8] | Duke BO (1962) A standard method of assessing microfilarial densities on onchocerciasis surveys. Bull World Health Organ 40: 629–632.
|
[9] | Duerr HP, Dietz K, Schulz-Key H, Büttner DW, Eichner M (2004) The relationships between the burden of adult parasites, host age and the microfilarial density in human onchocerciasis. Int J Parasitol 34: 463–473. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2003.11.008
|
[10] | Casis-Sacre G (1938) El síndrome epiléptico y sus relaciones con la oncocercosis. Bol Salub Hig (Mexico) 1: 11–31.
|
[11] | Balanzario I (1942) La oncocercosis y el síndrome epiléptico. Prensa Med Mex 7: 62–64.
|
[12] | Diaz AF (1963) Sintomatología, diagnóstico y pronóstico. In: Enfermedad de Robles, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, ed. 241–270.
|
[13] | Kirk R, Morgan HV, Haseeb MA, Satti MH (1959) Onchocerciasis in the Sudan Republic. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 53: 97–102.
|
[14] | Haseeb MA, Satti MH, Sherif DO (1962) Onchocerciasis in the Sudan. Bull World Health Organ 27: 609–615.
|
[15] | Duke BO (1998) Onchocerciasis, epilepsy and hyposexual dwarfism. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92: 236. doi: 10.1016/S0035-9203(98)90763-5
|
[16] | Pion SD, Kaiser C, Boutros-Toni F, Cournil A, Taylor MM, Meredith SEO, Stufe A, et al. (2009) Epilepsy in onchocerciasis endemic areas: systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based surveys. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e461. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000461
|
[17] | Druet-Cabanac M, Boussinesq M, Dongmo L, Farnarier G, Bouteille B, Preux P-M (2004) Review of epidemiological studies searching for a relationship between onchocerciasis and epilepsy. Neuroepidemiology 23: 144–149. doi: 10.1159/000075958
|
[18] | Kipp W, Kasoro S, Burnham G (1994) Onchocerciasis and epilepsy in Uganda. Lancet 343: 183–184. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)90980-6
|
[19] | Ovuga E, Kipp W, Mungherera M, Kasoro S (1992) Epilepsy and retarded growth in a hyperendemic focus of onchocerciasis in rural western Uganda. East Afr Med J 69: 554–556.
|
[20] | Kaiser C, Rubaale T, Tukesiga E, Kipp, Kabagambe G, Ojony JO, Asaba G (2011) Association between onchocerciasis and epilepsy in the Itwara hyperendemic focus, West Uganda: Controlling for time and intensity of exposure. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 225–228. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0544
|
[21] | Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG (2009) The PRISMA Group (2009) Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med 6: e1000097. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
|
[22] | Quet F, Guerchet M, Pion SD, Ngoungou EB, Nicoletti A, Preux P-M (2010) Meta-analysis of the association between cysticercosis and epilepsy in Africa. Epilepsia 51: 830–837. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02401.x
|
[23] | Hardy RJ, Thompson SG (1996) A likelihood approach to meta-analysis with random effects. Stat Med 15: 619–629. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19960330)15:6<619::AID-SIM188>3.0.CO;2-A
|
[24] | Normand S-L (1999) Meta-analysis: formulating, evaluating, combining and reporting. Statistics in Medicine 18: 321–359. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19990215)18:3<321::AID-SIM28>3.0.CO;2-P
|
[25] | Deeks JJ, Altman DG, Bradburn MJ (2008) Statistical methods for examining heterogeneity and combining results from several studies in meta-analysis. In: Egger M, Smith GD, Altman DG. Reviews in health care: Meta-analysis in context, 2nd edition, London: BMJ Publishing Group. pp. 248–282
|
[26] | Harris R, Bradburn M, Deeks J, Harbord R, Altman D, Steichen T (2006) “METAN: Stata module for fixed and random effects meta-analysis”, statistical software components S456798, revised 23 Sep 2010. Boston (Massachusetts): Boston College Department of Economics. Available: http://ideas.repec.org/c/boc/bocode/s456?798.html. Accessed 24 February 2013
|
[27] | Prost A, Hervouet JP, Thylefors B (1979) Les niveaux d'endémicité dans l'onchocercose. Bull World Health Organ 57: 655–662.
|
[28] | Ngoumou P, Walsh JF (1993) A manual for Rapid Epidemiological Mapping of Onchocerciasis. UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases and WHO Programme for the Prevention of Blindness. TDR/TDE/ONCHO/93.4.
|
[29] | Boussinesq M, Pion SD, Ngangue Demanga, Kamgno J (2002) Relationship between onchocerciasis and epilepsy: a matched case-control study in the Mbam Valley, Republic of Cameroon. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96: 537–541. doi: 10.1016/S0035-9203(02)90433-5
|
[30] | Druet-Cabanac M, Preux PM, Bouteille B, Bernet-Bernady, Dunand J, et al. (1999) Onchocerciasis and epilepsy: a matched case-control study in the Central African Republic. Am J Epidemiol 149: 565–570. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009853
|
[31] | Farnarier G, Diop S, Coulibaly B, Arborio A, Dabo A, et al. (2000) Onchocercose et épilepsie. Enquête épidémiologique au Mali. Med Trop (Mars) 60: 151–155.
|
[32] | Gbenou HD (1995) Contribution à l'étude de l'association onchocercose-épilepsie. Résultats préliminaires d'une enquête neuroépidemiologique à Agbogbome, Commune de Paouignan, Sous-Préfecture de Dassa-Zoumé, au Bénin. MD Thesis, National University of Benin. 126 pp.
|
[33] | Kaboré JK, Cabore JW, Melaku Z, Druet-Cabanac M, Preux PM (1996) Epilepsy in a focus of onchocerciasis in Burkina Faso. Lancet 347: 836. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90917-4
|
[34] | Kaboré J, Preux PM, Kabre D (2000) Prévalence de l'épilepsie dans le bassin de la Bougouriba. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 93: 267–268.
|
[35] | Kabré D (1998) épidémiologie de l'épilepsie dans le foyer d'onchocercose du bassin de la Bougouriba (Burkina Faso). MD Thesis: University of Ouagadougou. 62 pp.
|
[36] | K?nig R, Nassri A, Meindl M, Matuja W, Kidunda AR, et al. (2010) The role of Onchocerca volvulus in the development of epilepsy in a rural area of Tanzania. Parasitology 137: 1559–1568. doi: 10.1017/S0031182010000338
|
[37] | K?nig R, Nassri A, Meindl M, Kidunda A, Matuja W et al.. (2006) Epilepsie und Onchozerkose in Mahenge, Tansania [Abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 40. Jahrestagung der ?sterreichischen Gesellschaft für Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie, p.22; November 2–4 2006; Linz, Austria. Available: http://oe002rz5.edis.at/fileadmin/public?/Jahrestagungen/abstracts_linz_2006.pdf. Accessed 24 February 2013.
|
[38] | Newell ED, Vyungimana F, Bradley JE (1997) Epilepsy, retarded growth and onchocerciasis, in two areas of different endemicity of onchocerciasis in Burundi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91: 525–527. doi: 10.1016/S0035-9203(97)90009-2
|
[39] | Pion SD, Boussinesq M (2012) Significant association between epilepsy and presence of onchocercal nodules: case-control study in Cameroon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86: 557. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0603a
|
[40] | Prischich F, De Rinaldis M, Bruno F, Egeo G, Santoro C, et al. High prevalence of epilepsy in a village in the Littoral Province of Cameroon. Epilepsy Res 82: 200–210. doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2008.09.004
|
[41] | Taylor MM, Meredith SE, Stufe A (1999) The prevalence of epilepsy in an area hyperendemic for onchocerciasis in Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61: 321.
|
[42] | Vaz T (1999) Facteurs de risque de l'épilepsie au Mali à propos d'une enquête en zone d'endémie onchocerquienne. MD Thesis: University of Aix-Marseille II. 217 pp.
|
[43] | Tume BT, Fatcheu CD, Tiodjio ER, Dongmo, Ateufack G, et al. (2012) Purification and characterization of circulating Onchocerca volvulus antigens from epileptic and non-epileptic onchocerciasis patient sera. Int J Biol Chem Sci 6: 289–297. doi: 10.4314/ijbcs.v6i1.25
|
[44] | K?hler M (2009) Onchozerkose und Epilepsie – Eine Fallkontrollstudie in der l?ndlichen Region Sanaga-Maritime in Kamerun. MD Thesis: University of Würzburg, Germany. pp. 118.
|
[45] | Schmutzhard E, Koenig R, Nassri A, Meindl M, Kidunda A, et al.. (2008) The role of Onchocerca volvulus in the development of epilepsy in a rural area of Tanzania [Abstract P06.183]. In: Proceedings of the American Academy of Neurology 60th annual meeting; 12–19 April 2008; Chicago, Illinois, United States. Available: http://www.aan.com/globals/axon/assets/3?706.pdf. Accessed 24 February 2013.
|
[46] | Anderson J, Fuglsang H, Hamilton PJ, de Marshall TF (1974) Studies on onchocerciasis in the United Cameroon Republic. I. Comparison of populations with and without Onchocerca volvulus. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 68: 190–208. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(74)90116-3
|
[47] | Borsboom GJ, Boatin BA, Nagelkerke NJ, Agoua H, Akpoboua KL, et al. (2003) Impact of ivermectin on onchocerciasis transmission: assessing the empirical evidence that repeated ivermectin mass treatments may lead to elimination/eradication in West Africa. Filaria J 2: e8.
|
[48] | Kennedy MH, Bertocchi I, Hopkins AD, Meredith SE (2002) The effect of 5 years of annual treatment with ivermectin (Mectizan) on the prevalence and morbidity of onchocerciasis in the village of Gami in the Central African Republic. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96: 297–307. doi: 10.1179/000349802125000736
|
[49] | Kaiser C, Asaba G, Leichsenring M, Kabagambe G (1998) High incidence of epilepsy related to onchocerciasis in West Uganda. Epilepsy Res 30: 247–51. doi: 10.1016/S0920-1211(98)00007-2
|
[50] | Rwiza HT, Kilonzo GP, Haule J, Matuja WB, Mteza I, et al. (1992) Prevalence and incidence of epilepsy in Ulanga, a rural Tanzanian district: A community-based study. Epilepsia 33: 1051–1056. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1992.tb01758.x
|
[51] | Kaiser C, Kipp W, Asaba G, Mugisa C, Kabagambe G, et al. (1996) The prevalence of epilepsy follows the distribution of onchocerciasis in a West Ugandan focus. Bull World Health Organ 74: 361–367.
|
[52] | Osuntokun BO, Adeuja AO, Nottidge VA, Bademosi O, Olumide A, et al. (1987) Prevalence of epilepsies in Nigerian Africans: A community based study. Epilepsia 28: 272–279. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1987.tb04218.x
|
[53] | Birbeck GL, Kalichi EM (2004) Epilepsy prevalence in rural Zambia: a door-to-door survey. Trop Med Int Health 9: 92–95. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2003.01149.x
|
[54] | Raper AB, Ladkin RG (1950) Endemic dwarfism in Uganda. East Afr Med J 27: 339–359.
|
[55] | Kipp W, Burnham G, Bamuhiga J, Leichsenring M (1996) The Nakalanga syndrome in Kabarole district, western. Uganda 54: 80–83.
|
[56] | Kaiser C, Asaba G, Kasoro S, Rubaale T, Kabagambe G, et al. (2007) Mortality from epilepsy in an onchocerciasis-endemic area in West Uganda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 48–55. doi: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.06.003
|
[57] | Jilek-Aall L, Jilek W, Miller JR (1979) Clinical and genetic aspects of seizure disorders prevalent in an isolated African population. Epilepsia 20: 613–622. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1979.tb04845.x
|
[58] | Kaiser C, Benninger C, Asaba G, Mugisa C, Kabagambe G, et al. (2000) Clinical and electro-clinical classification of epileptic seizures in West Uganda. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 93: 255–259.
|
[59] | Lacey M (2003) Nodding disease: Mystery of Southern Sudan. Lancet Neurol 2: 714. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(03)00599-4
|
[60] | Winkler AS, Friedrich K, K?nig R, Meindl M, Helbok R, et al. (2008) The head nodding syndrome – Clinical classification and possible causes. Epilepsia 49: 2008–2015. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01671.x
|
[61] | Sejvar JJ, Kakooza AM, Foltz JI, Makumbi I, Atai-Omoruto AD, et al. (2013) Clinical, neurological, and electrophysiological features of nodding syndrome in Kitgum, Uganda: an observational case series. Lancet Neurol in press (published online January 8, 2013).
|
[62] | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012) Nodding syndrome - South Sudan, 2011. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 61: 52–54.
|
[63] | Kaiser C, Asaba G, Mugisa C, Kipp W, Kasoro S, et al. (1998) Antiepileptic drug treatment in rural Africa: involving the community. Trop Doc 28: 73–77.
|
[64] | Preux PM, Druet-Cabanac M (2005) Epidemiology and aetiology of epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet Neurol 4: 21–31. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(04)00963-9
|
[65] | Newton CR, Garcia HH (2012) Epilepsy in poor regions of the world. Lancet 380: 1193–1201. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61381-6
|
[66] | Katabarwa M, Lakwo T, Habumogisha P, Richards F, Eberhard M (2008) Could neurocystocercosis be the cause of “onchocerciasis-associated” epileptic seizures? Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 400–401.
|
[67] | Dumas M, Grunitzky K, Belo M, Dabis F, Deniau M, et al. (1990) Cysticercose et neurocysticercose: enquête épidémiologique dans le nord du Togo. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 83: 263–274.
|
[68] | Nsengiyumva G, Druet-Cabanac M, Ramanankandrasana B, Bouteille B, Nsizabira L, et al. (2003) Cysticercosis as a major risk factor for epilepsy in Burundi, East Africa. Epilepsia 44: 950–955. doi: 10.1046/j.1528-1157.2003.55302.x
|
[69] | Kaiser C, Pion S, Preux PM, Kipp W, Dozie I, Boussinesq M (2008) Onchocerciasis, cysticercosis, and epilepsy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 643–645.
|
[70] | Goudsmit J, van der Waals FW, Gajdusek DC (1983) Epilepsy in the Gbawein and Wroughbarh clan of Grand Bassa county, Liberia: The occurrence of ‘See-ee’ in the native population. Neuroepidemiology 2: 24–34.
|
[71] | Van der Waals FW, Asher DM, Goudsmit J, Pomeroy KL, Karabatsos N, Gajdusek DC (1986) Post-encephalitic epilepsy and arbovirus infections in an isolated rainforest area of central Liberia. Trop Geogr Med 38: 203–208.
|
[72] | Ollivier G, Boussinesq M, Albaret JL, Cumberlidge N, Farhati K, et al. (1995) Etude épidémiologique d'une distomatose à Paragonimus sp. au Sud-Cameroun. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 88: 164–169.
|
[73] | Mazzotti L (1959) Presencia de microfilarias de Onchocerca volvulus en el liquido cefalorraquideo de enfermos tratados con hetrazan. Rev Inst Salubr Enferm Trop (Mex) 19: 1–5.
|
[74] | Duke BO, Vincelette J, Moore PJ (1976) Microfilariae in the cerebral fluid, and neurological complications, during treatment of onchocerciasis with diethylcarbamazine. Tropenmed Parasitol 27: 123–32.
|
[75] | Duke BO, Moore PJ, Vincelette J (1976) The population dynamics of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae during treatment with suramin and diethylcarbamazine. Tropenmed Parasitol 27: 133–144.
|
[76] | Kaiser C, Pion S, Boussinesq M (2009) Head nodding syndrome and river blindness: a parasitological perspective. Epilepsia 50: 2325–2326. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02280.x
|
[77] | Mira MG (1934) Sulla presenza delle microfilarie di ‘Onchocerca coecutiens Brumpt’ nel nervo ottico. Riforma Medica 50: 858–861.
|
[78] | Hughes MH, Daly PJ (1950) Ocular onchocerciasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 43: 362.
|
[79] | Rodger FC (1958) Posterior degenerative lesion of onchocerciasis. Br J Ophthalmol 42: 21–37. doi: 10.1136/bjo.42.1.21
|
[80] | Rodger FC (1959) The movement of microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus in the human eye from lid to retina. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 53: 138–141. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(59)90062-8
|
[81] | Paul EV, Zimmerman LE (1970) Some observations on the ocular pathology of onchocerciasis. Hum Pathol 1: 581–594. doi: 10.1016/S0046-8177(70)80058-2
|
[82] | McKechnie NM, Braun G, Connor V, Kl?ger S, Taylor DW, et al. (1993) Immunologic cross-reactivity in the pathogenesis of ocular onchocerciasis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 34: 2888–2902.
|
[83] | Marin B, Boussinesq M, Druet-Cabanac M, Kamgno J, Bouteille B, et al. (2006) Onchocerciasis-related epilepsy? Prospects at a time of uncertainty. Trends Parasitol 22: 17–20. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2005.11.006
|
[84] | Pezzani R, Mucignat C, Giometto B, Caldrer S, Quarello A, et al.. (2006) Analysis with immunohistochemistry and western blot of children affected by nodding syndrome [Abstract A239.16]. In: Proceedings of the 5th Forum of European Neuroscience; 8–12 July 2006; Vienna, Austria. Available: http://fens2006.neurosciences.asso.fr/ab?stracts/R7/A239_16.html. Accessed 24 February 2013.
|
[85] | Owolabi MO, Bower JH, Adesola Ogunniyi A (2007) Mapping Africa's way into prominence in the field of neurology. Arch Neurol 64: 1696–1700. doi: 10.1001/archneur.64.12.1696
|