A spring term is added into Newton’s law of gravitation. The spring k of the earth is found to be 1.21 × 10-8/sec2. The PPN gamma is a dependence of distance r from the sun. The expanding universe is due to the cosmological constant. The Hubble constant is found to be the square root of the cosmological constant. The query of the missing dark matter in the galaxies is clarified.
References
[1]
L. M. Tsang, Canadian Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, Vol. 4, 2010, pp. 1973-1979.
[2]
L. M. Tsang, New Astronomy, Vol. 17, 2012, pp. 18-21.
doi:10.1016/j.newast.2011.05.004
[3]
E. Fischbach and C. Talmadge, Nature, Vol. 356, 1992, pp. 207-215.
[4]
E. Fischbach, et al., Physical Review Letters, Vol. 56, 1986, pp. 3-6. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.56.3
[5]
R. H. Sanders, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 136, 1984, pp. 21-23.
[6]
Y. M. Galaev, Spacetime & Substance, Vol. 5, 2002, pp. 207-224.
[7]
C. Poher and D. Poher, Applied Physics Research, Vol. 3, 2011, pp. 51-66.
C. Poher and P. Marquet, Applied Physics Research, Vol. 4, 2012, pp. 120-127.
[8]
J. Consiglio, Applied Physics Research, Vol. 4, 2012, pp. 144-158. doi:10.5539/apr.v4n2p144
[9]
P. Jetzer, M. Sereno, Physical Review D, Vol. 73, 2006, Article ID: 044015.
[10]
J. F. Cardona and J. M. Tejeiro, The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 493, 1998, pp. 52-53. doi:10.1086/305125
[11]
L. Iorio, International Journal of Modern Physics D, Vol. 15, 2006, pp. 473-475.
[12]
G. S. Adkins and J. McDonnell, Physical Review D, Vol. 75, 2007, Article ID: 082001.
[13]
G. S. Adkins, J. McDonnell and R. N. Fell, Physical Review D, Vol. 75, 2007, Article ID: 064011.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.75.064011
[14]
M. Froesche, F. Mignard and F. Arenau, Proceedings from the Hipparcos Venice 97’ Symposium, ESA, Noordwijk, 1997.
[15]
B. Bertotti, L. Iess and P. Tortora, Nature, Vol. 425, 2003, pp. 374-375. doi:10.1038/nature01997
[16]
A. Vecchiatto, et al., Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 399, 2003, pp. 337-342. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021785
[17]
S. S. Shapiro, et al., Physical Review Letters, Vol. 92, 2004, Article ID:121101.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.121101
[18]
S. Foerste, et al., Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 7, 2011, pp. 7-23.
[19]
S. D. Bass, Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics, Vol. 38, 2011, Article ID: 043201.
doi:10.1088/0954-3899/38/4/043201
[20]
P. S. Wessen, International Journal of Modern Physics D, Vol. 10, 2001, pp. 905-912.
doi:10.1142/S0218271801001396
[21]
B. Mashoon and P. S. Wessen, Classical and Quantum Gravity, Vol. 21, 2004, p. 3611.
0doi:10.1088/0264-9381/21/14/020
[22]
M. Tegmark, et al., Physical Review D, Vol. 69, 2004, Article ID: 103501.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.69.103501
[23]
S. Perlmutter, et al., Astrophy Journal, Vol. 517, 1999, pp. 565-586.
[24]
S. Perlmutter, Physics Today, Vol. 56, 2003, p. 53.
doi:10.1063/1.1580050
[25]
A. Riess et al., Astronomical Journal, Vol. 116, 1998, pp. 1009-1038.
A. Riess, et al., Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 607, 2004, pp. 665-687. doi:10.1086/383612
[26]
H. Ruchwanger, Applied Physics Research, Vol. 3, 2011, pp. 110-129.
[27]
A. Bonasera, Journal of Modern Physics, Vol. 3, 2012, pp. 1722-1726. doi:10.4236/jmp.2012.311212
[28]
W. L. Freedman, Physics Reports, Vol. 333-334, 2000, pp. 13-31.
[29]
W. L. Freedman, Physics Reports, Vol. 307, 1998, pp. 45-51. doi:10.1016/S0370-1573(98)00073-8
[30]
H. E. Froehlich, Astronomische Nachrichten, Vol. 308, 1987, pp. 169-171. doi:10.1002/asna.2113080302
[31]
M. Krízek, New Astronomy, Vol. 17, 2012, pp. 1-7.
doi:10.1016/j.newast.2011.05.003
[32]
P. Nugent, et al., Physical Review Letters, Vol. 75, 1995, pp. 394-397. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.394
[33]
R. P. Kraft, The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 142, 1965, pp. 681-702. doi:10.1086/148330
[34]
F. van Leeuwen and R. S. Le Poole, “Flattening Rotation, Inclination and Mass of Omega Centauri,” Astrophysics ASP Conference Series 265, 2002, pp. 41-50.
[35]
F. Zwicky, The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 86, 1937, pp. 217-246. doi:10.1086/143864
[36]
V. C. Rubin, et al., The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 238, 1980, pp. 471-487. doi:10.1086/158003
[37]
Z. Y. Shao, J. L. Zhao and R. S. Pan, Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 18, 1994, pp. 168-177.
doi:10.1016/0275-1062(94)90098-1
[38]
G. C. Omer and A. G. Wilson, Astronomy Journal, Vol. 70, 1965, pp. 440-445. doi:10.1086/109759
[39]
G. Chincarini and H. J. Rood, Nature, Vol. 257, 1975, pp. 294-295. doi:10.1038/257294a0
[40]
R. C. Bless, “Discovering the Cosmos,” University Science Books, 1996, p. 461.
[41]
J. Binney and S. Tremaine, “Galactic Dynamics,” Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1987, p. 87.
[42]
S. Hawking, “On the Rotating Universe,” MNRAS 142, 1969, pp.129-141.
[43]
J. D. Barrow, et al., “Universal Rotation-How Large Can It Be?” MNRAS 213, 1985, pp. 917-943.
[44]
P. Birch, Nature, Vol. 298,1982, pp. 451-454.
[45]
V. F. Panov, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Physics, Vol. 28, 1985, pp. 18-20.
[46]
S. C. Su, M and C. Chu, Astrophy Journal, Vol. 703, 2009, pp. 354-361.
[47]
J. Hynecek, Applied Physics Research, Vol. 4, 2012, pp. 44-57.
