Purpose: This study aimed to determine the feasibility and acceptability
of actigraphy to monitor sleep quality and quantity in healthy self-rated good
sleeper adults at home-based settings. Method: Sixteen healthy volunteers (age
> 18) were invited to participate. Each participant was provided with a
wrist actigraph device to be worn for 24-hour/day for seven consecutive
days to monitor their sleep-wake patterns. Actigraphy data were downloaded using-proprietary software to generate an individual-sleep report. Participants also
completed a set of self-reported Health Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) using
WHO (five) Well Being Index (WBI) questionnaires. Results: Actigraphy was well
accepted by all participants. Only 43.8% of the participants achieved normal
total sleep time (TST) and 62.5% had a mean sleep efficiency value below the
normal range. Despite a reduced quality of sleep among the participants, the
self-reported HRQOL scores produced by the WHO-5
WBI showed a “fair” to “good” among the participants. Conclusions: To
maintain healthy well-being, it is vital to have efficient and quality sleep.
Insufficient and poor sleep may contribute to various health problems and hazardous
outcomes. People often believe they have normal and efficient sleep, not
realising they may be developing poor sleep habits. This study found that
actigraphy can be easily utilized to monitor sleep-wake patterns at home-based
settings. We proposed that actigraphy could be adapted for use in the primary
care settings (e.g. community pharmacy) to improve the sleep health management
in the community.
References
[1]
National Sleep Foundation (2011) Diet, exercise and sleep. http://www.sleepfoundation.org/article/sleep-topics/diet-exercise-and-sleep
[2]
Institute of Medicine (2006) Sleep disorders and sleep deprivation: An unmet public health problem. The National Academies Press, Washington DC.
[3]
Deloitte Access Economics (2010) Re-awakening Australia: The economic cost of sleep disorders in Australia.
http://www.deloitte.com/assets/Dcom-Australia/Local%20Assets/Documents/Industries/LSHC/Deloitte_Reawakening_Australia_Oct2011.pdf
[4]
Strine, T.W. and Chapman, D.P. (2005) Associations of frequent sleep insufficiency with health-related quality of life and health behaviors. Sleep Medicine, 6, 23-27.
doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2004.06.003
[5]
National Sleep Foundation (2011) Fatigue and excessive sleepiness. http://www.sleepfoundation.org/article/sleep-related-problems/excessive-sleepiness-and-sleep
[6]
American Psychological Association (2012) Why sleep is important and what happens when you don’t get enough.
http://www.apa.org/topics/sleep/why.aspx
[7]
Heath, A.C., Eaves, L.J., Kirk, K.M. and Martin, N.G. (1998) Effects of lifestyle, personality, symptoms of anxiety and depression, and genetic predisposition on subjective sleep disturbance and sleep pattern. Twins Research, 1, 176-188.
[8]
Stein, M.D. and Friedman, P.D. (2006) Disturbed sleep and its relationship to alcohol use. Substance Abuse, 26, 1-13. doi:10.1300/J465v26n01_01
[9]
Shilo, L., Sabbah, H., Hadari, R., Kovatz, S., Weinberg, U., Dolev, S., Dagan, Y. and Shenkman L. (2002) The effects of coffee consumption on sleep and melatonin secretion. Sleep Medicine, 3, 271-273.
doi:10.1016/S1389-9457(02)00015-1
[10]
Hersberger, K.E., Renggli, V.P., Nirkko, A.C., Mathis, J., Schwegler, K. and Bloch, K.E. (2006) Screening for sleep disorders in community pharmacies—Evaluation of a campaign in Switzerland. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 31, 35-41.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2710.2006.00698.x
[11]
Kashyap, K.C., Nissen, L.M., Smith, S.S., Douglas, J.A. and Kyle G.J. (2012) Can community pharmacy sleep assessment tool aid the identification of patients at risk of sleep disorders in the community: A pilot study. Integrated Pharmacy Research and Practice, 1, 3-12.
doi:10.2147/IPRP.S36328
[12]
Standards of Practice Committee of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2003) Practice parameters for the role of actigraphy in the study of sleep and circadian rhythms: An update for 2002. Sleep, 26, 337-341.
[13]
Kushida, C.A., Littner, M.R., Morgenthaler, T., et al. (2005) Practice parameters for the indications for polysomnography and related procedures: An update for 2005. Sleep, 28, 499-521.
[14]
Natale, V., Drejak, M., Erbacci, A., Tonetti, L., Fabbri, M. and Martoni, M. (2012) Monitoring sleep with a smartphone acceloremeter. Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 10, 287-292. doi:10.1111/j.1479-8425.2012.00575.x
[15]
Lockley, S.W., Skene, D.J. and Arendt, J. (1999) Comparison between subjective and actigraphic measurement of sleep and sleep rhythms. Journal of Sleep Research, 8, 175-183. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.1999.00155.x
[16]
Chesson, A.L., Ferber, R.A., Fry, J.M., et al. (1997) Practice parameters for the indications for polysomnography and related procedures. Sleep, 20, 406-422.
[17]
Penzel, T., Kesper, K., Pinnow, I., Heinrich, F.B. and Vogelmeier, C. (2004) Peripheral arterial tonometry, oximetry and actigraphy for ambulatory recording of sleep apnea. Physiological Measurement, 25, 1025.
doi:10.1088/0967-3334/25/4/019
[18]
Van De Water, A.T.M., Holmes, A. and Hurley, D.A. (2011) Objective measurements of sleep for non-laboratory settings as alternatives to polysomnography—A systematic review. Journal of Sleep Research, 20, 183-200.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2009.00814.x
[19]
Standards of Practice Committee of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2007) Practice parameters for the use of actigraphy in the assessment of sleep and sleep disorders: An update for 2007. Sleep, 30, 519-529.
[20]
American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2005) International classification of sleep disorders: Diagnostic and coding manual. American Academy of Medicine, Westchester.
[21]
Curie, S.R., Malhotra, S. and Clark, S. (2004) Agreement among subjective, objective, and collateral measures of insomnia in post withdrawal recovering alcoholics. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 2, 148-161.
doi:10.1207/s15402010bsm0203_4
[22]
Edinger, J.D., Means, M.K., Stechuchak, K.M. and Olsen MK. (2004) A pilot study of inexpensive sleep-assessment devices. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 2, 41-49.
doi:10.1207/s15402010bsm0201_4
[23]
Katzenberg, D., Young, T., Finn, L., Lin, L., King, D.P., Takahashi, J.S. and Mignot, E. (1998) A clock polymorphism associated with human diurnal preference. Sleep, 21, 569-576.
[24]
Blackwell, T., Redline, S., Ancoli-Israel, S., Schneider, J.L., Surovec, S., Johnson, N.L., Cauley, J.A. and Stone, K.L. (2008) Comparison of sleep parameters from actigraphy and polysomnography in older women: The SOF study. Sleep, 31, 283-291.
[25]
Deak, M. (2009) Use of actigraphy in neurological patient population. Neuroscience Bulletin, 1, 17-23.
[26]
Lichstein, K.L., Stone, K.C., Donaldson, J., Nau, S.D., Soeffing, J.P., Murray, D.W., Lester, K. and Aguillard, R.N. (2006) Actigraphy validation with insomnia. Sleep, 29, 232-239.
[27]
Vallieres, A. and Morin, C.M. (2003) Actigraphy in the assessment of insomnia. Sleep, 26, 902-906.
WHO-5 Well Being Index (1995) http://www.who-5.org/
[30]
Saini, B., Wong, K.K., Krass, I. and Grunstein, R. (2009) The role of pharmacists in sleep health—A screening, awareness and monitoring program: Final report. University of Sydney, Sydney.
[31]
Hursh, S.R., Redmond, D.P., Johnson, M.L., Thorne, D.R., Belenly, G., Balkin, T.J., Miller, J.C., Eddy, D.R. and Storm, W.F. (2004) The DOD sleep, activity, fatigue, and task effectiveness model. Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine, 75, A44-A53.
[32]
Hursh, S.R., Raslear, T.G., Kaye, A.S. and Fanzone, J.F. (2006) Validation and calibration of a fatigue assessment tool for railroad work schedules, summary report. US Department of Transportation, Washington DC.
[33]
Fatigue Science Inc. (2012) Individual sleep and effectiveness analysis: Sleep report.
[34]
IBM SPSS Statistics 20 Documentation (n.d.)
http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg27021213#en
[35]
Peters, B. (2009) Sleep efficiency.
http://sleepdisorders.about.com/od/glossary/g/SleepEfficiency.htm
[36]
O’Donoghue, G.M., Fox, N., Heneghan, C. and Hurley, D.A. (2009) Objective and subjective assessment in chronic low back pain patients compared with healthy age and gender matched controls: A pilot study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 10, 122.
doi:10.1186/1471-2474-10-122
[37]
American Sleep Apnea Association. (2013) Sleep study report. http://sleepapneafaq.wikispaces.com/Sleep+Study+report
[38]
Augner, C. (2011) Association of subjective sleep quality with depression score, anxiety, physical symptoms and sleep onset latency in students. Central European Journal of Public Health, 19, 115-117.
[39]
Shochat, T., Umphress, J., Israel, A.G. and Ancoli-Israel, S. (1999) Insomnia in primary care patients. Sleep, 22, S359-S365
[40]
Hohagen, F., Rink, K., Kappler, C., Schramm, E., Riemann, D., Weyerer, S. and Berger, M. (1993) Prevalence and treatment of insomnia in general practice. A longitudinal study. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 242, 329-336. doi:10.1007/BF02190245
[41]
Girschik, J., Fritschi, L., Heyworth, J. and Waters, F. (2012) Validation of self-reported sleep against actigraphy. Journal of Epidemiology, 22, 462-468.
doi:10.2188/jea.JE20120012
[42]
NSW Government (2007) Health.
http://www0.health.nsw.gov.au/factsheets/drugandalcohol/caffeine.html
[43]
Levy, M. and Zylber-Katz, E. (1983) Caffeine metabolism and coffee-attributed sleep disturbances. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 33, 770-775.
doi:10.1038/clpt.1983.105
[44]
Mindell, J.A., Meltzer, L.J., Carskadon, M.A. and Chervin, R.D. (2009) Developmental aspects of sleep hygiene: Findings from the 2004 National Sleep Foundation Sleep in America Poll. Sleep Medicine, 10, 771-779.
doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2008.07.016
[45]
Paterson, L.M., Wilson, S.J., Nutt, D.J., Hutson, P.H. and Ivarsson, M. (2009) Characterisation of the effects of caffeine on sleep in the rat: A potential model of sleep disruption. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 23, 475-486.
doi:10.1177/0269881109104846
[46]
Pollack, C.P. and Bright, D. (2003) Caffeine consumption and weekly sleep patterns in US seventh-, eighth-, and ninth-graders. Paediatrics, 111, 42-46.
doi:10.1542/peds.111.1.42
[47]
Kruger, P.M. and Friedman, E.M. (2009) Sleep duration in the United States: A cross-sectional population-based study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 169, 1052-1063. doi:10.1093/aje/kwp023
[48]
Jackson, S. and Peterson, G. (2006) Health screening in community pharmacy: An update. Pharmacist, 25, 846-851.
