Catheter-Related Superior Vena Cava Syndrome Complicated by Chylothorax in a Premature Infant.

A premature infant experienced respiratory distress due to chylothorax. Contrastenhancedchest computed tomography showed superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction withcollaterals, and surgery confirmed an obstruction of the SVC by intravascular fibrotic tissueand thrombi caused by placement of a central venous catheter. The respiratory distressimproved after surgical intervention. In the differential diagnosis of acute respiratory distress,it is necessary to consider catheter-related chylothorax and SVC syndrome when a previouslystable patient has an acute change in cardiopulmonary status, regardless of the durationof catheter use. Although often considered safe and easy, central venous catheter placementmay result in complications. Using appropriate catheters and choosing proper insertionsites can minimize these events. Early diagnosis and treatment can be life-saving shouldcomplications occur.