Globalization and urbanization with their inherent developmental activities and ecological transformations impact on malaria epidemiology. Entomological factors involved in malaria transmission in periurban Lusaka were assessed prior to vector control reintroduction. Data was collected through standard entomological and epidemiological protocols and a pretested structured questionnaire. Larval habitats were characterized as transient (43%), semipermanent (36%), and permanent (21%). Anopheles arabiensis and An. gambiae ss. were the only vectors identified. A shift in vector population was noted, with the later outnumbering the former. Plasmodium falciparum monoinfection rates were 25.6% (95% CI: 20.9–30.7) ( ). Parasitaemia was 31.8% (95% CI: 23.2–42.2), 25.7% (95% CI: 13.5–41.3), and 23.3% (95% CI: 17.4–29.6) in under 5, 5 to 14, and above 15 age groups, respectively. Low knowledge levels on vector control tools with an average of 7 residents per household were also observed. This study confirmed a local malaria transmission paradigm. The epidemiology necessitated deployment of an integrated vector management strategy with intensified information education and communication. 1. Introduction Malaria remains a serious global health problem, killing more than one million people per year. The global community has recently had many successes in malaria control. The number of malaria cases has fallen by more than 50% in 43 countries over the past decade [1]. A modeling analysis of malaria prevention activities in 34 African countries suggested that about 730,000 lives were saved between 2000 and 2010, with nearly three quarters of those since 2006 [2]. Funding commitments for malaria have increased nearly 15-fold, from approximately US$ 100 million in 2003 to nearly US$ 1.6 billion in 2010; interest and commitment at global and country levels are very high [3]. However, the problem of malaria parasite transmission remains enormously grave in sub-Saharan Africa where at least 85 to 90% of deaths are attributable to the disease [4–7]. Malaria transmission is driven by a complex interaction of the vector, parasite, human host, and the environment, and is governed by different ecological and social determinants [8, 9]. Globalization and urbanization with their inherent developmental activities and associated ecological transformations have a significant impact on malaria epidemiology [10, 11] and have invariably exacerbated the situation. Malaria transmission depends markedly on local environmental conditions and other compounding factors, that is, presence of
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