|
|
Stroop任务中冲突适应的神经机制述评
|
Abstract:
在一致性任务中，如Stroop任务、Flanker任务和Simon任务，冲突适应表现为不一致试次之后的一致性效应(不一致试次与一致试次的行为差异)显著地小于一致试次之后的一致性效应。本文以Stroop任务为例，介绍冲突适应的神经机制。事件相关电位研究显示，N450的波幅调整与大脑对冲突的监测有关，持续电位(sustained potential, SP)的波幅调整与冲突解决有关。时频分析显示，大脑θ频带(theta-band, 4~7 Hz)的能量增加可能与冲突适应有关。功能磁共振研究显示，前扣带回(anterior cingulate cortex, ACC)和背外侧前额叶(dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, DLPFC)分别在冲突监测和冲突控制过程中扮演着重要角色。最后，该文介绍了冲突适应及其神经机制研究的新进展。
In
| [1] | 唐丹丹, 刘培朵, 陈安涛(2012). 冲突观察能诱发冲突适应. 心理学报, 44期, 295-303. |
| [2] | 唐丹丹, 陈安涛(2012). 冲突观察所诱发的冲突适应: ERP研究. 中国科学：生命科学, 42期, 1110-1117. |
| [3] | Appelbaum, L., Meyerhoff, K., & Woldorff, M. (2009). Priming and backward influences in the human brain: Processing interactions during the Stroop interference effect. Cerebral Cortex, 19, 2508- 2521. |
| [4] | Barch, D. M., Braver, T. S., Akbudak, E., Conturo, T., Ollinger, J., & Snyder, A. (2001). Anterior cingulate cortex and response conflict: Effects of response modality and processing domain. Cerebral Cortex, 11, 837-848. |
| [5] | Botvinick, M. M., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). Conflict monitoring and cognitive control. Psycholo- gical Review, 108, 624-652. |
| [6] | Botvinick, M. M., Cohen, J. D., & Carter, C. S. (2004). Conflict moni- toring and anterior cingulate cortex: An update. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8, 539-546. |
| [7] | Botvinick, M. M., Nystrom, L. E., Fissell, K., Carter, C. S., & Cohen, J. D. (1999). Conflict monitoring versus selection-for-action in anterior cingulate cortex. Nature, 402, 179-180. |
| [8] | Carter, C. S., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Botvinick, M. M., Noll, D., & Cohen, J. D. (1998). Anterior cingulate cortex, error detection, and the online monitoring of performance. Science, 280, 747-749. |
| [9] | Carter, C. S., & van Veen, V. (2007). Anterior cingulate cortex and conflict detection: an update of theory and data. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 367-379. |
| [10] | Casey, B., Thomas, K. M., Welsh, T. F., Badgaiyan, R. D., Eccard, C. H., Jennings, J. R., et al. (2000). Dissociation of response conflict, attentional selection, and expectancy with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97, 8728-8733. |
| [11] | Cavanagh, J. F., Cohen, M. X., & Allen, J. J. B. (2009). Prelude to and resolution of an error: EEG phase synchrony reveals cognitive control dynamics during action monitoring. The Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 98-105. |
| [12] | Cavanagh, J. F., Frank, M. J., Klein, T. J., & Allen, J. J. B. (2010). Frontal theta links prediction errors to behavioral adaptation in reinforcement learning. NeuroImage, 49, 3198-3209. |
| [13] | Cavanagh, J. F., Zambrano-Vazquez, L., & Allen, J. J. B. (2011). Theta lingua franca: A common mid-frontal substrate for action monitoring processes. Psychophysiology, 49, 220-238. |
| [14] | Chen, A., Bailey, K., Tiernan, B. N., & West, R. (2011). Neural correlates of stimulus and response interference in a 2-1 mapping stroop task. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 80, 129-138. |
| [15] | Clayson, P. E., & Larson, M. J. (2011a). Conflict adaptation and sequential trial effects: Support for the conflict monitoring theory. Neuropsychologia, 49, 1953-1961. |
| [16] | Clayson, P. E., & Larson, M. J. (2011b). Effects of repetition priming on electrophysiological and behavioral indices of conflict adaptation and cognitive control. Psychophysiology, 48, 1621-1630. |
| [17] | Cohen, M. X. (2011). It’s about Time. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 5, 2. |
| [18] | Cohen, M. X., & Cavanagh, J. F. (2011). Single-trial regression elucidates the role of prefrontal theta oscillations in response conflict. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 30. |
| [19] | Cohen, M. X., Ridderinkhof, K. R., Haupt, S., Elger, C. E., & Fell, J. (2008). Medial frontal cortex and response conflict: Evidence from human intracranial EEG and medial frontal cortex lesion. Brain Research, 1238, 127-142. |
| [20] | Correa, á., Rao, A., & Nobre, A. C. (2009). Anticipating conflict facilitates controlled stimulus-response selection. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 21, 1461-1472. |
| [21] | Danielmeier, C., Wessel, J. R., Steinhauser, M., & Ullsperger, M. (2009). Modulation of the error-related negativity by response conflict. Psychophysiology, 46, 1288-1298. |
| [22] | Di Pellegrino, G., Ciaramelli, E., & Ladavas, E. (2007). The regulation of cognitive control following rostral anterior cingulate cortex lesion in humans. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19, 275-286. |
| [23] | Donohue, S. E., Liotti, M., Perez, R., & Woldorff, M. G. (2011). Is conflict monitoring supramodal? Spatiotemporal dynamics of cogni- tive control processes in an auditory Stroop task. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 12, 1-15. |
| [24] | Egner, T. (2007). Congruency sequence effects and cognitive control. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 380-390. |
| [25] | Egner, T. (2011). Right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex mediates individual differences in conflict-driven cognitive control. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23, 3903-3913. |
| [26] | Egner, T., & Hirsch, J. (2005a). Cognitive control mechanisms resolve conflict through cortical amplification of task-relevant information. Nature Neuroscience, 8, 1784-1790. |
| [27] | Egner, T., & Hirsch, J. (2005b). The neural correlates and functional integration of cognitive control in a Stroop task. NeuroImage, 24, 539- 547. |
| [28] | Fan, J., Flombaum, J. I., McCandliss, B. D., Thomas, K. M., & Posner, M. I. (2003). Cognitive and brain consequences of conflict. Neuro- Image, 18, 42-57. |
| [29] | Floden, D., Vallesi, A., & Stuss, D. T. (2011). Task context and frontal lobe activation in the Stroop task. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23, 867-879. |
| [30] | Folstein, J. R., & Van Petten, C. (2008). Influence of cognitive control and mismatch on the N2 component of the ERP: A review. Psycho- physiology, 45, 152-170. |
| [31] | Forster, S. E., Carter, C. S., Cohen, J. D., & Cho, R. Y. (2011). Para- metric manipulation of the conflict signal and control-state adapta- tion. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23, 923-935. |
| [32] | Franke, C., Reuter, B., Breddin, A., & Kathmann, N. (2009). Response switching in schizophrenia patients and healthy subjects: Effects of the inter-response interval. Experimental Brain Research, 196, 429- 438. |
| [33] | Freitas, A. L., Banai, R., & Clark, S. L. (2009). When cognitive control is calibrated: Event-related potential correlates of adapting to infor- mation-processing conflict despite erroneous response preparation. Psychophysiology, 46, 1226-1233. |
| [34] | Gratton, G., Coles, M. G., & Donchin, E. (1992). Optimizing the use of information: Strategic control of activation of responses. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 121, 480-506. |
| [35] | Grinband, J., Savitsky, J., Wager, T. D., Teichert, T., Ferrera, V. P., & Hirsch, J. (2010). The dorsal medial frontal cortex is sensitive to time on task, not response conflict or error likelihood. NeuroImage, 57, 303-311. |
| [36] | Hanslmayr, S., Past？tter, B., B？uml, K. H., Gruber, S., Wimber, M., & Klimesch, W. (2008). The electrophysiological dynamics of interference during the Stroop task. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20, 215-225. |
| [37] | Iyer, A., Lindner, A., Kagan, I., & Andersen, R. A. (2010). Motor pre-paratory activity in posterior parietal cortex is modulated by subjec- tive absolute value. PLoS Biology, 8, Article ID: e1000444. |
| [38] | Kanwisher, N. (2000). Domain specificity in face perception. Nature Neuroscience, 3, 759-763. |
| [39] | Kanwisher, N., McDermott, J., & Chun, M. M. (1997). The fusiform face area: A module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. The Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 4302-4311. |
| [40] | Kenner, N. M., Mumford, J. A., Hommer, R. E., Skup, M., Leibenluft, E., & Poldrack, R. A. (2010). Inhibitory motor control in response stopping and response switching. The Journal of Neuroscience, 30, 8512-8518. |
| [41] | Kerns, J. G. (2006). Anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex activity in an FMRI study of trial-to-trial adjustments on the Simon task. NeuroImage, 33, 399-405. |
| [42] | Kerns, J. G., Cohen, J. D., MacDonald, A. W., Cho, R. Y., Stenger, V. A., & Carter, C. S. (2004). Anterior cingulate conflict monitoring and adjustments in control. Science, 303, 1023-1026. |
| [43] | Kerns, J. G., Cohen, J. D., MacDonald III, A. W., Johnson, M. K., Stenger, V. A., Aizenstein, H., et al. (2005). Decreased conflict-and error-related activity in the anterior cingulate cortex in subjects with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1833-1839. |
| [44] | Kopp, B., & Rist, F. (1999). An event-related brain potential substrate of disturbed response monitoring in paranoid schizophrenic patients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 337-346. |
| [45] | Larson, M. J., Farrer, T. J., & Clayson, P. E. (2011). Cognitive control in mild traumatic brain injury: Conflict monitoring and conflict ad- aptation. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 82, 69-78. |
| [46] | Larson, M. J., Kaufman, D. A. S., & Perlstein, W. M. (2009a). Conflict adaptation and cognitive control adjustments following traumatic brain injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 15, 927-937. |
| [47] | Larson, M. J., Kaufman, D. A. S., & Perlstein, W. M. (2009b). Neural time course of conflict adaptation effects on the Stroop task. Neuropsychologia, 47, 663-670. |
| [48] | Liotti, M., Woldorff, M. G., Perez III, R., & Mayberg, H. S. (2000). An ERP study of the temporal course of the Stroop color-word interference effect. Neuropsychologia, 38, 701-711. |
| [49] | Liston, C., Matalon, S., Hare, T. A., Davidson, M. C., & Casey, B. (2006). Anterior cingulate and posterior parietal cortices are sensitive to dissociable forms of conflict in a task-switching paradigm. Neuron, 50, 643-653. |
| [50] | Luu, P., Tucker, D. M., & Makeig, S. (2004). Frontal midline theta and the error-related negativity: Neurophysiological mechanisms of action regulation. Clinical Neurophysiology, 115, 1821-1835. |
| [51] | MacLeod, C. M. (1991). Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 163-203. |
| [52] | Makeig, S., Debener, S., Onton, J., & Delorme, A. (2004). Mining event-related brain dynamics. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8, 204- 210. |
| [53] | Mansouri, F. A., Tanaka, K., & Buckley, M. J. (2009). Conflict-induced behavioural adjustment: A clue to the executive functions of the pre- frontal cortex. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10, 141-152. |
| [54] | Markela-Lerenc, J., Ille, N., Kaiser, S., Fiedler, P., Mundt, C., & Weis- brod, M. (2004). Prefrontal-cingulate activation during executive control: Which comes first? Cognitive Brain Research, 18, 278-287. |
| [55] | Matsumoto, K., & Tanaka, K. (2004). Conflict and cognitive control. Science, 303, 969-970. |
| [56] | Mayr, U., Awh, E., & Laurey, P. (2003). Conflict adaptation effects in the absence of executive control. Nature Neuroscience, 6, 450-452. |
| [57] | Milham, M., Banich, M., Claus, E., & Cohen, N. (2003). Practice- related effects demonstrate complementary roles of anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortices in attentional control. NeuroImage, 18, 483-493. |
| [58] | Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). An integrative theory of prefron- tal cortex function. Annual review of neuroscience, 24, 167-202. |
| [59] | Mitchell, R. L. C. (2010). Linear increases in BOLD response associ- ated with increasing proportion of incongruent trials across time in a colour Stroop task. Experimental Brain Research, 203, 193-204. |
| [60] | Nee, D. E., Wager, T. D., & Jonides, J. (2007). Interference resolution: Insights from a meta-analysis of neuroimaging tasks. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 1-17. |
| [61] | Nieuwenhuis, S., Stins, J. F., Posthuma, D., Polderman, T. J. C., Boom- sma, D. I., & de Geus, E. J. (2006). Accounting for sequential trial effects in the flanker task: Conflict adaptation or associative priming? Memory & Cognition, 34, 1260-1272. |
| [62] | Nigbur, R., Ivanova, G., & Stürmer, B. (2011). Theta power as a marker for cognitive interference. Clinical Neurophysiology, 122, 2185- 2194. |
| [63] | Peng, W., Hu, L., Zhang, Z., & Hu, Y. (2012). Causality in the associa- tion between P300 and alpha event-related desynchronization. PLoS One, 7, Article ID: e34163. |
| [64] | Perlstein, W. M., Larson, M. J., Dotson, V. M., & Kelly, K. G. (2006). Temporal dissociation of components of cognitive control dysfunc- tion in severe TBI: ERPs and the cued-Stroop task. Neuropsycholo- gia, 44, 260-274. |
| [65] | Pfurtscheller, G., & Lopes da Silva, F. (1999). Event-related EEG/MEG synchronization and desynchronization: Basic principles. Clinical Neurophysiology, 110, 1842-1857. |
| [66] | Polich, J. (2007). Updating P300: An integrative theory of P3a and P3b. Clinical Neurophysiology, 118, 2128-2148. |
| [67] | Raghavachari, S., Lisman, J. E., Tully, M., Madsen, J. R., Bromfield, E., & Kahana, M. J. (2006). Theta oscillations in human cortex during a working-memory task: Evidence for local generators. Journal of Neurophysiology, 95, 1630-1638. |
| [68] | Reuter, B., Philipp, A. M., Koch, I., & Kathmann, N. (2006). Effects of switching between leftward and rightward pro-and antisaccades. Biological Psychology, 72, 88-95. |
| [69] | Roelofs, A., van Turennout, M., & Coles, M. G. (2006). Anterior cingulate cortex activity can be independent of response conflict in Stroop-like tasks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 13884-13889. |
| [70] | Salo, R., Ursu, S., Buonocore, M. H., Leamon, M. H., & Carter, C. (2009). Impaired prefrontal cortical function and disrupted adaptive cognitive control in methamphetamine abusers: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biological Psychiatry, 65, 706-709. |
| [71] | Sheth, S. A., Mian, M. K., Patel, S. R., Asaad, W. F., Williams, Z. M., Dougherty, D. D., et al. (2012). Human dorsal anterior cingulate cor- tex neurons mediate ongoing behavioural adaptation. Nature, 488, 218-221. |
| [72] | Silton, R. L., Heller, W., Towers, D. N., Engels, A. S., Spielberg, J. M., Edgar, J. C., et al. (2010). The time course of activity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex during top-down attentional control. NeuroImage, 50, 1292-1302. |
| [73] | Stürmer, B., Leuthold, H., Soetens, E., Schr？ter, H., & Sommer, W. (2002). Control over location-based response activation in the Simon task: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. Journal of Ex- perimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 28, 1345-1363. |
| [74] | Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643-662. |
| [75] | Tiesinga, P., Fellous, J. M., & Sejnowski, T. J. (2008). Regulation of spike timing in visual cortical circuits. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9, 97-107. |
| [76] | Trujillo, L. T., & Allen, J. J. B. (2007). Theta EEG dynamics of the error-related negativity. Clinical Neurophysiology, 118, 645-668. |
| [77] | Tsujimoto, T., Shimazu, H., & Isomura, Y. (2006). Direct recording of theta oscillations in primate prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices. Journal of neurophysiology, 95, 2987-3000. |
| [78] | van Veen, V., & Carter, C. S. (2002). The anterior cingulate as a conflict monitor: fMRI and ERP studies. Physiology & Behavior, 77, 477-482. |
| [79] | van Veen, V., & Carter, C. S. (2006). Conflict and cognitive control in the brain. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 237-240. |
| [80] | Wang, C., Ulbert, I., Schomer, D. L., Marinkovic, K., & Halgren, E. (2005). Responses of human anterior cingulate cortex microdomains to error detection, conflict monitoring, stimulus-response mapping, familiarity, and orienting. The Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 604-613. |
| [81] | Wang, L., Liu, X., Guise, K. G., Knight, R. T., Ghajar, J., & Fan, J. (2010). Effective connectivity of the fronto-parietal network during attentional control. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22, 543-553. |
| [82] | Wang, X. J. (2010). Neurophysiological and computational principles of cortical rhythms in cognition. Physiological Reviews, 90, 1195- 1268. |
| [83] | West, R. (2003). Neural correlates of cognitive control and conflict detection in the Stroop and digit-location tasks. Neuropsychologia, 41, 1122-1135. |
| [84] | West, R., & Alain, C. (1999). Event-related neural activity associated with the Stroop task. Cognitive Brain Research, 8, 157-164. |
| [85] | West, R., & Alain, C. (2000). Evidence for the transient nature of a neural system supporting goal-directed action. Cerebral Cortex, 10, 748-752. |
| [86] | West, R., Bowry, R., & McConville, C. (2004). Sensitivity of medial frontal cortex to response and nonresponse con？ict. Psychophysiol- ogy, 41, 739-748. |
| [87] | West, R., Choi, P., & Travers, S. (2010). The influence of negative affect on the neural correlates of cognitive control. International Jour- nal of Psychophysiology, 76, 107-117. |
| [88] | West, R., Jakubek, K., Wymbs, N., Perry, M., & Moore, K. (2005). Neural correlates of conflict processing. Experimental Brain Research, 167, 38-48. |
| [89] | Womelsdorf, T., Schoffelen, J. M., Oostenveld, R., Singer, W., Desi- mone, R., Engel, A. K., et al. (2007). Modulation of neuronal inter- actions through neuronal synchronization. Science, 316, 1609-1612. |
| [90] | Yeung, N., Botvinick, M. M., & Cohen, J. D. (2004). The neural basis of error detection: Conflict monitoring and the error-related negativ- ity. Psychological Review, 111, 931-959. |
| [91] | Zhang, Z., Hu, L., Hung, Y., Mouraux, A., & Iannetti, G. (2012). Gamma-band oscillations in the primary somatosensory cortex—A direct and obligatory correlate of subjective pain intensity. The Jour- nal of Neuroscience, 32, 7429-7438. |
| [92] | Zysset, S., Müller, K., Lohmann, G., & Von Cramon, D. Y. (2001). Color-word matching Stroop task: separating interference and response conflict. NeuroImage, 13, 29-36. |
