Liposome mitigation of curcumin inhibition of cardiac potassium delayed-rectifier current

Lawrence Helson,1 George Shopp,2 Annie Bouchard,3 Muhammad Majeed41SignPath Pharma, Quakertown, PA, USA; 2Shopp Nonclinical Consulting, Boulder, CO, USA; 3IPS Therapeutique Inc, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; 4Sabinsa Inc, Princeton, NJ, USABackground: The duration of the QT interval on the standard electrocardiogram (ECG) is measured from the beginning of the QRS complex (depolarization of the cardiac myocyte) to the end of the T-wave (completion of the repolarization phase of the cardiac myocyte). Repolarization is a result of currents generated by the outward flow of K+ through the K+ channels. Obstruction of ion flow in the channel leads to delayed repolarization, evidenced by a prolonged QT interval. Clinically, this is known as the long QT syndrome (LQTS), which, when expressed, can lead to severe cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death. Obstruction of K+ ion flow can result from gene mutations (eg, the human ether-a-go-go-related gene [hERG]) resulting in phenotypic abnormalities in K+ channels and/or common structurally diverse drugs. These gene abnormalities or drug-induced changes result in decreased cardiac delayed-rectifier K+ current (IKr, or KV11.1) in congenital or acquired LQTS, respectively. Increased risk of LQTS is a major drug development hurdle, and many drugs have been withdrawn during preclinical development, assigned black box warnings following approval, or withdrawn from the market. Autosomal recessive or dominant LQTS based upon 500 possible mutations in ten different genes coding for K+ channels has an incidence of 1:3000 or about 100,000 persons in the USA. Prolonged QT intervals or risk of LQTS occurs in 2.5% of the asymptomatic US population. The probability of cardiac death in patients with asymptomatic congenital LQTS who are concomitantly medicated with LQTS-inducing drugs appears to have increased.Methods: E-4031 (methanesulfanalide), terfenadine (Seldane ), curcumin, liposomal curcumin, empty liposomes, empty liposomes vortexed with E-4031, or terfenadine and empty liposomes vortexed with curcumin were assayed for their effects on the K+-selective IKr tail current inhibition using human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells stably transfected with the hERG gene via the whole-cell manual patch clamp technique.Results: E-4031, terfenadine, and curcumin inhibit IKr channel following nM-to-μM exposures. Empty liposomes had no effect on IKr. Both the liposomal curcumin formulation and vortexed mixtures of empty liposomes and curcumin prevented the IKr inhibitory effect of curcumin in a dose-dependent manner. Empty liposomes vortexed