EMERGENCE OF DRUG RESISTANCE IN MICROBES, ITS DISSEMINATION AND TARGET MODIFICATION OF ANTIBIOTICS: A LIFE THREATENING PROBLEM TO HUMAN SOCIETY

Antibiotic treatment is highly selective and specific which is prescribed by clinicians to fight against microbial infection. Normally, in the beginning antibiotic treatment shows much effectiveness against pathogens, but later on due to repetitive and over use microbes show lesser susceptibility to them. However, misuse of antibiotics in any form promotes resistance that led to an alteration in structure and function of drug binding receptors andsynthesizes drug degrading enzymes or deactivators. Microbes possess very high specificity and show different types of responses to various groups of antibiotics and show variable susceptibility in different medium and environment. However, such interactions in microbes to various groups of antibiotics impose various toxiceffects on body tissues. Microbes catabolize and cleave drugs by using degrading enzymes, but in human drug residues persist for longer time in the body fluids. After adapting themselves in changed environment or medium microbes significantly altered signaling pathways that provide new targets for drug resistance. However, to disable resistance in microbes certain drug inhibitors or degrading enzymes or peptide therapies are to be required. Finally, to solve this problem, few alternative medicines, vaccines, cytokines, bacteriophages, Archaeocins, traditional healers and phyto-medicines can be used to replace antibiotics. Besides this, new broad spectrum complex plant origin drugs may be more successful to reduce bacterial virulence and outbreak of endemic and pandemic diseases. Hence, alternative medicines are only hope and real solutions of drug resistant microbes.