Comparisons and analyses of strengths from selected computational procedures were undertaken of more than 500 physical tests of rectangular, tied, structural concrete columns reported in the published literature. The computational procedures compared with the physical tests and with each other include a commercially available nonlinear finite element modeling software and the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Standard A23.3-04. The requirements of the American Concrete Institute (ACI) 318-08 are very similar to those of the CSA A23.3-04, and hence, strength comparisons and analyses reported here are also applicable to ACI 318-08. The physical tests used for comparison were conducted on columns that were braced and pinned at both ends and were constructed using normal-density concrete with a compressive strength between approximately 17 and 57？MPa. The columns were subjected to short-term loads producing pure axial force, axial force combined with symmetrical single-curvature bending, or pure bending. Major variables included the concrete strength, the end eccentricity ratio, the slenderness ratio, the longitudinal reinforcing steel index for reinforced concrete or the structural steel index for composite columns, and the transverse reinforcement (tie/hoop) volumetric ratio. The study provides an examination of the reliability of the computational methods examined. 1. Introduction In 1981, Furlong [1] advocated that considerable time in engineering design offices could be saved if structural analysis computer software were used to compute second-order or frame slenderness effects. Since then, several such computer programs have been developed. During the past 15 to 20 years, however, finite element modeling (FEM) software has become more readily available, and its use by structural design engineers has been steadily increasing. Presently, there are several FEM programs that are able to model the structural concrete column behavior and strength. Similarly, during the past couple of decades, structural systems that employ composite columns consisting of steel shapes encased in concrete have been economically used in the construction of tall buildings [2]. The concrete used for encasing a structural steel section not only increases its strength and stiffness, but also protects it from the fire damage. As a result, the use of composite columns is on the rise in building construction in addition to applications in marine structures. To examine the accuracy of FEM in computing the strength of reinforced concrete columns and of composite steel-concrete
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