Cardiac Markers as Diagnostic Biochemical Markers in Heart Failure

We are in new era of identifying and treating patients with diseases. Heart disease is the leading cause ofmortality in developed countries said as lethal diseases all over the world. In this review, we summarizerecent literature focusing on circulating biomarkers that can aid the diagnosis of acute heart failure,facilitate prognostication, and guide disease management. Putative heart failure biomarkers can bebroadly and empirically classified into indicators of neuro-hormonal activation (brain natriuretic peptide[BNP] and norepinephrine), markers of myocyte injury and extracellular matrix remodeling, andinflammatory mediators. Other biomarkers at early stages of investigation are also discussed briefly.This review does not cover genomic and echocardiographic biomarkers of heart failure but gives thediagnostic, monitoring and risk of stratification properties of existing and emerging markers ofCardiovascular diseases (CVD’s).Cardiac markers are used to predict the increased risk of heartdiseases. Among cardiac markers for CVD’s risk that have received attention in this review areTroponin, Myoglobin, Creatine kinase, C-Reactive protein and to highlight the clinical usefulness ofserial measurement of these markers in heart diseases. The existing cardiac markers and their potentialsgives the researchers an insight for new research and to study the emerging markers like MatrixMetaloproteins (MMP), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), homocysteine etc. It is critically important to placeCardiac markers in the temporal context of clinical symptoms and signs. This is a substantial advantagefor point of care (POC) testing where availability of biochemical marker is in time frame particularly in(ED) emergency department.