Tazarotene-induced gene 1 inhibits prostaglandin E2-stimulated HCT116 colon cancer cell growth

HCT116 cells as well as TIG1A and TIG1B stable cells established from HCT116 colon cancer cells using the GeneSwitch system were used. TIG1 isoform expression was induced by mifepristone treatment in stable cells. Cell growth was determined using the WST-1 cell proliferation assay. Activation of β-catenin/TCF and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/CREB signaling pathways were determined using luciferase reporter assays. Expression and subcellular distribution of β-catenin were analyzed using Western blot and confocal microscope. Levels of cAMP were measured using an enzyme immunoassay. RNA interference was used to examine the effects of TIG1- and GRK5-mediated changes.PGE2-stimulated cell growth was reduced in inducible TIG1A- and TIG1B-stable HCT116 cells. GRK5 expression was upregulated by both TIG1A and TIG1B isoforms, and its expression suppressed PGE2-stimulated HCT116 cell growth. GRK5, TIG1A, and TIG1B expression significantly inhibited PGE2-stimulated β-catenin/TCF and cAMP signaling pathway reporters and cAMP. Also, PGE2-stimulated nuclear localization of β-catenin was inhibited by expression of TIG1A and TIG1B, which was ameliorated by both TIG1 and GRK5 siRNAs.TIG1 suppressed PGE2-stimulated Wnt and cAMP signaling pathways in colon cancer cells through GRK5.The tazarotene-induced gene 1 (TIG1) gene, also known as retinoic acid receptor responder 1 (RARRES1) gene [1], may be a tumor suppressor [2,3]. Its expression is frequently downregulated through promoter hypermethylation in various carcinomas [3-10]. Ectopic expression of the TIG1A and TIG1B isoforms suppress cellular growth and/or invasion of cancer cells [2,3,5,11]. TIG1 is differentially expressed in spontaneously regressing melanoma [12] and related to cellular differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells [13] and colorectal carcinomas [14]. TIG1 is a carboxypeptidase inhibitor for ATP/GTP binding protein-like 2 (AGBL2) [15].Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which is regulated by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2),