全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...
Animals  2013 

Unusual Childhood Waking as a Possible Precursor of the 1995 Kobe Earthquake

DOI: 10.3390/ani3010228

Keywords: earthquakes, Kobe, Hanshin, children, sleep, precursors, Rn-222

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

Nearly 1,100 young students living in Japan at a range of distances up to 500 km from the 1995 Kobe M7 earthquake were interviewed. A statistically significant abnormal rate of early wakening before the earthquake was found, having exponential decrease with distance and a half value approaching 100 km, but decreasing much slower than from a point source such as an epicentre; instead originating from an extended area of more than 100 km in diameter. Because an improbably high amount of variance is explained, this effect is unlikely to be simply psychological and must reflect another mechanism—perhaps Ultra-Low Frequency (ULF) electromagnetic waves creating anxiety—but probably not 222Rn excess. Other work reviewed suggests these conclusions may be valid for animals in general, not just children, but would be very difficult to apply for practical earthquake prediction.

References

[1]  Tributsch, H. When the Snakes Awake; MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1982.
[2]  Ikeya, M. Earthquakes and Animals; World Scientific: Singapore, 2004.
[3]  Fleischer, R.L.; Mogro-Campero, A. 222Rn premonitory signals for earthquakes? EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 1992, 73, 516.
[4]  Kirschvink, J.L. Earthquake prediction by animals: Evolution and sensory perception. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 2000, 90, 312–323, doi:10.1785/0119980114.
[5]  Li, J.Z.; Bai, Z.Q.; Chen, W.S.; Xia, Y.Q.; Liu, Y.R.; Ren, Z.Q. Strong earthquakes can be predicted: A multidisciplinary method for strong earthquake prediction. Nat. Haz. Earth Sys. Sci. 2003, 3, 703–712, doi:10.5194/nhess-3-703-2003.
[6]  Turcotte, D.L. Earthquake prediction. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 1991, 19, 263–281, doi:10.1146/annurev.ea.19.050191.001403.
[7]  Wadatsumi, K. 1519 Statements on Precursors; Tokyo Publishing: Tokyo, Japan, 1995.
[8]  Yokoi, S.; Ikeya, M.; Yagi, S.; Nagai, K. Mouse circadian rhythm before the Kobe earthquake in 1995. Bioelectromagnetics 2003, 24, 289–291, doi:10.1002/bem.10108.
[9]  Li, Y.; Liu, Y.; Jiang, Z.; Guan, J.; Yi, G.; Cheng, S.; Yang, B.; Fu, T.; Wang, Z. Behavioral change related to Wenchuan devastating earthquake in mice. Bioelectromagnetics 2009, 30, 613–620, doi:10.1002/bem.20520.
[10]  Stothers, R.B. Ancient and modern earthquake lights in Northwestern Turkey. Seismol. Res. Lett. 2004, 75, 199–204, doi:10.1785/gssrl.75.2.199.
[11]  Saraf, A.K.; Rawat, V.; Banerjee, P.; Choudhury, S.; Panda, S.K.; Dasgupta, S.; Das, J.D. Satellite detection of earthquake thermal infrared precursors in Iran. Nat. Haz. 2008, 47, 119–135, doi:10.1007/s11069-007-9201-7.
[12]  Freund, F.; Sornette, D. Electro-magnetic earthquake bursts and critical rupture of peroxy bond networks in rocks. Tectonophysics 2007, 431, 33–47, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2006.05.032.
[13]  Rikitake, T. Prediction and Precursors of Major Earthquakes; Terra Scientific: Tokyo, Japan, 2001.
[14]  Whitehead, N.E.; Ulusoy, U.; Asahara, H.; Ikeya, M. Are any publicly reported earthquake precursors valid? Nat. Haz. Earth Syst. Sci. 2004, 4, 463–468, doi:10.5194/nhess-4-463-2004.
[15]  Whitehead, N.E.; Ulusoy, ü. Macroscopic anomalies before the September 2010 M = 7.1 earthquake in Christchurch, New Zealand. Nat. Haz. Earth Syst. Sci. 2013, 13, 167–176, doi:10.5194/nhess-13-167-2013.
[16]  Bell, A.P.; Weinberg, M.S.; Hammersmith, S.K. Sexual Preference: Its Development in Men and Women; Indiana University Press: Bloomington, IN, USA, 1981.
[17]  Johansen, A.; Sornette, D.; Wakita, H.; Tsunogai, U.; Newman, W.I.; Saleur, H. Discrete scaling in earthquake precursory phenomena: Evidence in the Kobe earthquake, Japan. J. Phys. I France 1996, 6, 1391–1402, doi:10.1051/jp1:1996143.
[18]  Massonnet, D.; Rossi, M.; Carmona, C.; Adragna, F.; Peltzer, G.; Feigl, K.; Rabaute, T. The displacement field of the Landers earthquake mapped by radar interferometry. Nature 1993, 364, 138–142.
[19]  Cohidon, C.; Diène, E.; Carton, M.; Fatras, J.; Goldberg, M.; Imbernon, E. Mental health of workers in Toulouse 2 years after the industrial AZF disaster: First results of a longitudinal follow-up of 3,000 people. Soc. Psychiat. Psychiat. Epidemiol. 2009, 44, 784–791, doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0500-z.
[20]  Yamada, M.; Izumi, S. Psychiatric sequelae in atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima. Soc. Psychiat. Psychiat. Epidemiol. 2002, 37, 409–415, doi:10.1007/s00127-002-0572-5.
[21]  Kawano, N.; Hirabayashi, K.; Matsuo, M.; Taooka, Y.; Hiraoka, T.; Apsalikov, K.N.; Moldagaliev, T.; Hoshi, M. Human suffering effects on nuclear tests at Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: Established on the basis of questionnaire surveys. J. Radiat. Res. 2006, 47 (Suppl.), A209–A217.
[22]  Liperovsky, V.A.; Meister, C.-V.; Liperovskaya, E.V.; Davidov, V.F.; Bogdanov, V.V. On the possible influence of radon and aerosol injection on the atmosphere and ionosphere before earthquakes. Nat. Haz. Earth Syst. Sci. 2005, 5, 783–789, doi:10.5194/nhess-5-783-2005.
[23]  Magalh?es, M.H.; Amaral, E.C.S.; Sachett, I.; Rochedo, E.R.R. Radon-222 in Brazil: An outline of indoor and outdoor measurements. J. Envir. Radioact. 2003, 67, 131–143, doi:10.1016/S0265-931X(02)00175-3.
[24]  Bortnik, J.; Bleier, T.E.; Dunson, C.; Freund, F. Estimating the seismotelluric current required for observable electromagnetic ground signals. Ann. Geophys. 2010, 28, 1615–1624, doi:10.5194/angeo-28-1615-2010.
[25]  Dunson, J.C.; Bleier, T.E.; Roth, S.; Heraud, J.; Alvarez, C.H.; Lira, A. The pulse azimuth effect as seen in induction coil magnetometers located in California and Peru 2007–2010, and its possible association with earthquakes. Nat. Haz. Earth Syst. Sci. 2011, 11, 1–21, doi:10.5194/nhess-11-1-2011.
[26]  Akhoondzadeh, M.; Parrot, M.; Saradjian, M.R. Electron and ion density variations before strong earthquakes (M > 6.0) using DEMETER and GPS data. Nat. Haz. Earth Syst. Sci. 2010, 10, 7–18, doi:10.5194/nhess-10-7-2010.

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133