Beyond lowering LDL cholesterol

Compelling evidence from randomized controlled studies demonstrated the crucial role of lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the prevention of vascular events. However, not all patients with low LDL-C levels show similar reduction in event rates. The residual risk factors associated with ongoing vascular events despite achieving low LDL-C levels remain to be elucidated. New data suggest that beyond statin therapy, inflammatory mediators, high non-HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol or apolipoprotein B, small dense LDL-C, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and lifestyle features may have impact on residual vascular risk. In this review, we discussed the significance of identifying these residual risk factors and developing new treatment strategies to further decrease vascular events. The importance of imaging arterial wall to evaluate the effect of various medical therapies has also stated.