Winter twig keys to common, native, fully deciduous trees and phanerophyte shrubs of the North Carolina eastern Piedmont

Illustrated, bracketed, dichotomous keys to winter twigs of the most common, native, fully deciduous trees and shrubs of the North Carolina eastern piedmont are presented. Sixty-seven species and three genera (blackberries, hickories, and oaks) can be identified with these keys. Species of gymnosperms, evergreen and semi-evergreen angiosperms, woody vines, and uncommon and introduced species not included in the keys are listed (Tables 1 and 2).