Impact of Global Warming on Coral Reefs

In this paper, we review coral reef responses to climate variability and discuss the possible mechanisms by which climate impacts the coral reef ecosystem. Effects of oceanographic variables such as sea temperature, turbulence, salinity, and nutrients on the coral reef are discussed in terms of their influence on coral growth, reproduction, mortality, acclimation and adaptation. Organisms tend to be limited to specific thermal ranges with experimental findings showing that sufficient oxygen supply by ventilation and circulation only occurs within these ranges. Indirect effects of climate change on the food web are also discussed. Further integrative studies are required to improve our knowledge of the processes linking coral reef responses to future climate change scenarios. Graphical abstract Incidence of coral reef bleaching on a worldwide scale: location of bleaching reports during 1979 - 2010. Maps are from ReefBase, www.reefbase.org: 1, Arabian Gulf (United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Iran); 2, Red Sea; 3, east Africa; 4, southern Africa (Mozambique, South Africa); 5, Madagascar; 6, Mauritius, Reunion; 7, Seychelles; 8, Chagos; 9, Maldives; 10, Sri Lanka/southern India; 11, Andaman Sea (Andamans, Thailand, Malaysia); 12, South China Sea (Vietnam, Paracel Islands); 13, Philippines; 14, Indonesia; 15, western Australia; 16, Great Barrier Reef; 17, Ryukyu Islands; 18, Mariana Islands; 19, Palau; 20, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu; 21, Fiji; 22, Samoa; 23, French Polynesia (including Moorea); 24, Hawaiian Islands; 25, Easter Island; 26, Galapagos Islands; 27, equatorial eastern Pacific (Costa Rica, Cocos Island, Panama′, Colombia, Ecuador); 28, subtropical eastern Pacific (Mexico); 29, Mesoamerican reef system (Mexico, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua); 30, Greater Antilles (Cuba, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands); 31, Bahamas, Florida; 32, Bermuda; 33, Lesser Antilles; 34, Cura ao, Aruba, Bonaire, Los Roques; 35, Brazil.