Causal Version of Newtonian Theory by Time–Retardation of the Gravitational Field Explains the Flyby Anomalies

Classical Newtonian gravitational theory does not satisfy the causality principle because it is based on instantaneous action-at-a-distance. A causal version of Newtonian theory for a large rotating sphere is derived herein by time-retarding the distance between interior circulating point-mass sources and an exterior eld-point. The resulting causal theory explains exactly the six yby anomalies reported by Anderson et al. in 2008. It also explains exactly an anomalous decrease in the Moon’s orbital speed. No other known theory has been shown to explain both the yby anomalies and the lunar orbit anomaly