The physiology of cardiovascular disease and innovative liposomal platforms for therapy

Guillermo U Ruiz-Esparza,1,3 Jose H Flores-Arredondo,2 Victor Segura-Ibarra,3 Guillermo Torre-Amione,2,3 Mauro Ferrari,1 Elvin Blanco,1,* Rita E Serda1,3,* 1Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 2Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; 3Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Cátedra de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, Monterrey, Mexico *Senior authors Abstract: Heart disease remains the major cause of death in males and females, emphasizing the need for novel strategies to improve patient treatment and survival. A therapeutic approach, still in its infancy, is the development of site-specific drug-delivery systems. Nanoparticle-based delivery systems, such as liposomes, have evolved into robust platforms for site-specific delivery of therapeutics. In this review, the clinical impact of cardiovascular disease and the pathophysiology of different subsets of the disease are described. Potential pathological targets for therapy are introduced, and promising advances in nanotherapeutic cardiovascular applications involving liposomal platforms are presented. Keywords: liposomes, cardiovascular disease, therapeutics, nanoparticles, nanomedicine