Competition between the invasive macrophyte Caulerpa taxifolia and the seagrass Posidonia oceanica: contrasting strategies

When in competition with P. oceanica, C. taxifolia exhibits increased frond length and decreased Caulerpenyne – CYN content (major terpene compound). In contrast, the length of P. oceanica leaves decreases when in competition with C. taxifolia. However, the turnover is faster, resulting in a reduction of leaf longevity and an increase on the number of leaves produced per year. The primary production is therefore enhanced by the presence of C. taxifolia. While the overall concentration of phenolic compounds does not decline, there is an increase in some phenolic compounds (including ferulic acid and a methyl 12-acetoxyricinoleate) and the density of tannin cells.Interference between these two species determines the reaction of both, confirming that they compete for space and/or resources. C. taxifolia invests in growth rather than in chemical defense, more or less matching the assumptions of the ODT and/or PAT theories. In contrast, P. oceanica apparently invests in defense rather than growth, as predicted by the GDB hypothesis. However, on the basis of closer scrutiny of our results, the possibility that P. oceanica is successful in finding a compromise between more growth and more defense cannot be ruled out.Several theories have been advanced to explain the chemical pathways and tissue differentiation strategies that have evolved to reduce the effect of competition between different individuals of different species. Common theories proposed to explain defense strategies in plants are: Optimal Defense Theory (ODT) [1]; the Growth-Differentiation Balance Hypothesis (GDBH) [2]; the Resource Availability Theory (RAT) [3] and the Plant Apparency Theory (PAT) [4]. ODT predicts that plants should have the highest defense levels in parts that have the highest value in terms of fitness. GDBH predicts that defense allocation will be a result of trade-offs between growth (increasing plant size) and defense (or tissue differentiation); as long as all environmental factors are