Left ventricular twist is load-dependent as shown in a large animal model with controlled cardiac load

Seven anesthetised juvenile pigs were studied, using direct measurement of left ventricular pressure and volume and simultaneous transthoracic echocardiography. Transient inflation of an inferior vena cava balloon (IVCB) catheter produced controlled load reduction. First and last beats in the sequence of eight were analysed with speckle tracking (STE) during the load alteration and analysed for change in rotation/twist during controlled load alteration at same contractile status. Two pharmacological inotropic interventions were also included to examine the same hypothesis in additionally conditions of increased and decreased myocardial contractility in each animal. Paired comparisons were made for different load states using the Wilcoxon’s Signed Rank test.The inferior vena cava balloon occlusion (IVCBO) load change compared for first to last beat resulted in LV twist increase (11.67° ±2.65° vs. 16.17° ±3.56° respectively, p？<？0.004) during the load alteration and under adrenaline stimulation LV twist increase 12.56° ±5.1° vs. 16.57° ±4.6° (p？<？0.013), and though increased, didn’t reach significance in negative inotropic condition. Untwisting rate increased significantly at baseline from ？41.7°/s ±41.6°/s vs.？122.6°/s ±55.8°/s (P？<？0.039) and under adrenaline stimulation untwisting rate increased (？55.3°/s ±3.8°/s vs.？111.4°/s ±24.0°/s (p？<？0.05), but did not systematically changed in negative inotropic condition.Peak systolic LV twist and peak early diastolic untwisting rate are load dependent. Differences in LV load should be included in the interpretation when serial measures of twist are compared.Normal heart function incorporates an aspect of twisting during systole and ejection [1,2], and untwisting during relaxation and diastole [3,4]. When ventricular function is disturbed, the normal twist or wringing action can be affected. Reports have suggested importance of left ventricular rotation as an indicator of cardiac performance [5,6]. Some areas where twist ha