Tocopherols and phytosterols in sunflower seeds for the human food market

Sunflower seeds for the human food market are derived from both oilseed-type cultivars, with black achenes and low hull proportion, and confectionery-type cultivars, with striped achenes and high hull proportion. The objective of this research was to evaluate tocopherol and phytosterol contents in the seeds of both types of cultivars. Five oilseed-type and seven confectionery-type cultivars were evaluated in replicated field trials in two locations of Morocco and Spain. Large variations were found in hundred-kernel weight (2.6 to 5.5 g), kernel oil content (42.7 to 67.5%), tocopherol content (203 to 397 mg kg–1 kernel), and phytosterol content (2179 to 3555 mg kg–1 kernel). Both types of cultivars did not differ for kernel weight, kernel oil content, or tocopherol and phytosterol profiles. However, oilseed-type cultivars had significantly greater average tocopherol and phytosterol contents, though confectionery-type cultivars with levels of tocopherols and phytosterols similar to the best oilseed-type cultivars were identified. The large variations in kernel tocopherol and phytosterol contents found in this research suggest that there is room for breeding for increased levels of these compounds in order to develop healthier sunflower cultivars for the human food market. Las semillas de girasol para consumo directo proceden tanto de cultivares oleaginosos, con aquenios negros y baja proporción de cáscara, como de cultivares de consumo directo, con aquenios de colores claros o rayados y elevada proporción de cáscara. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el contenido en tocoferoles y fitoesteroles en semillas de ambos tipos de cultivares. Se evaluaron cinco cultivares oleaginosos y siete cultivares de consumo directo en ensayos de campo replicados en dos localidades de Marruecos y Espa a. Se identificó gran variación para peso de 100 semillas (aquenios descascarillados; 2.6 a 5.5 g), contenido en aceite en la semilla (42.7 a 67.5%), contenido en tocoferoles (203 a 397 mg kg–1 semilla), y contenido en fitoesteroles (2179 a 3555 mg kg–1 semilla). No se observaron diferencias entre ambos tipos de cultivares para peso de semilla, contenido de aceite en la semilla, o perfiles de tocoferoles y fitoesteroles. Sin embargo, los cultivares oleaginosos presentaron mayor contenido medio de tocoferoles y fitoesteroles, aunque se identificaron cultivares de consumo directo con niveles de estos compuestos similares a los mejores cultivares oleaginosos. La gran variación encontrada para contenido en tocoferoles y fitoesteroles sugiere la posibilidad de elevar los nivel