Genome-scale modeling using flux ratio constraints to enable metabolic engineering of clostridial metabolism in silico

A new method called “flux balance analysis with flux ratios (FBrAtio)” was developed in this research and applied to a new genome-scale model of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 (iCAC490) that contains 707 metabolites and 794 reactions. FBrAtio was used to model wild-type metabolism and metabolically engineered strains of C. acetobutylicum where only flux ratio constraints and thermodynamic reversibility of reactions were required. The FBrAtio approach allowed solutions to be found through standard linear programming. Five flux ratio constraints were required to achieve a qualitative picture of wild-type metabolism for C. acetobutylicum for the production of: (i) acetate, (ii) lactate, (iii) butyrate, (iv) acetone, (v) butanol, (vi) ethanol, (vii) CO2 and (viii) H2. Results of this simulation study coincide with published experimental results and show the knockdown of the acetoacetyl-CoA transferase increases butanol to acetone selectivity, while the simultaneous over-expression of the aldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase greatly increases ethanol production.FBrAtio is a promising new method for constraining genome-scale models using internal flux ratios. The method was effective for modeling wild-type and engineered strains of C. acetobutylicum.Butanol is of considerable research interest as a potential biofuel, and its renewable production through fermentation is sought largely from the clostridia. In particular, Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 has been one of multiple clostridia researched for butanol production over the past few decades. In fact, the first applications of metabolic flux balancing were performed using a model of C. acetobutylicum primary metabolism to understand what caused this organism to produce butanol and the competing metabolic byproducts: (i) acetate, (ii) butyrate, (iii) lactate, (iv) acetone, (v) ethanol, and several others in small amounts [1,2]. Flux modeling of the primary metabolism of C. acetobutylicum has led to a better understan