Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography stents: indications, risks and novel uses

Stents cannulating the common bile duct and/or the pancreatic duct are frequently used during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in both temporary and definitive management of several conditions. While plastic stents have a high risk of occlusion within a few months, metal stents have larger diameters and may, therefore, last longer. However, they tend to have a higher initial cost and once placed, tend to be more difficult to manipulate or remove. Emerging data are now showing that the removal of covered self-expandable metal stents can be achieved relatively easily without the risks of major complications. This review article investigates the indications and complications for stent insertion, as well as the recommended type of stent for each indication.