The role of macrophytes in wetland ecosystems

Aquatic macrophytes, often also called hydrophytes, are key components of aquatic and wetland ecosystems. This reviewis to briefly summarizes various macrophyte classifications, and covers numerous aspects of macrophytes’ role inwetland ecosystems, namely in nutrient cycling. The most widely accepted macrophyte classification differentiates betweenfreely floating macrophytes and those attached to the substrate, with the attached, or rooted macrophytes furtherdivided into three categories: floating-leaved, submerged and emergent. Biogeochemical processes in the water columnand sediments are to a large extent influenced by the type of macrophytes. Macrophytes vary in their biomass production,capability to recycle nutrients, and impacts on the rhizosphere by release of oxygen and organic carbon, as well astheir capability to serve as a conduit for methane. With increasing eutrophication, the species diversity of wetland macrophytesgenerally declines, and the speciose communities are being replaced by monoculture-forming strong competitors.A similar situation often happens with invasive species. The roles of macrophytes and sediment microorganisms inwetland ecosystems are closely connected and should be studied simultaneously rather than in isolation.