Development of risk maps to minimize uranium exposures in the Navajo Churchrock mining district

The objective of this study was to develop GIS-based thematic maps as communication tools to clearly identify high risk exposure areas and offer alternatives to minimize public and ecological health impacts.Thematic maps were produced that incorporated data derived from environmental sampling and public health surveys. The maps show the location and quality of unregulated water resources and identify regulated water sources that could be used as alternatives. In addition, the maps show the location of contaminated soil and sediment areas in which disturbance of surface deposits should be avoided. Preliminary feedback was collected from an informal Navajo working group to assess the clarity and efficacy of this proposed communication method.The working group found the maps to be both clear and effective, and made suggestions for improvements, such as the addition of more map features. The working group predicted that once the maps are presented to the public, water hauling and soil use behaviors will change, and dialogue with chapter officials will be initiated to accelerate further risk reduction efforts.Because risk communication is complicated by language barriers, lack of infrastructure, and historical mistrust of non-Navajo researchers, mapping provides an easily interpretable medium that can be objectively viewed by community members and decision makers to evaluate activities that affect toxicant exposures.Risk assessments performed by the federal government, state agencies, and private contractors at hazardous waste disposal sites serve as a foundation for estimating human and ecologic health risks [1]. However, these assessments are often ineffective for native communities as they do not address cultural factors affecting contaminant exposure such as consumption of locally-raised livestock and native plants, and their use in traditional medicines and ceremonies [2]. In addition, commonly applied risk assessment methodologies often result in communication of r