Difference between the prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety in non-diabetic smokers and in patients with type 2 diabetes with and without nicotine dependence

Three study groups were formed: 46 T2D smokers (DS), 46 T2D non-smokers (D), and 46 smokers without diabetes (S), totaling 138 participants. Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale and Fagerstr？m Test were applied.The prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety in smokers with T2D was 30.4% and 50%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the proportion of individuals with symptoms of anxiety (p？=？0.072) or depression (p？=？0.657) in the DS group compared to group D or S. Among male patients with T2D, the smokers had a higher prevalence of anxiety symptoms (19.6%) than non-smokers (4,3%) (p？=？0,025). The prevalence of high nicotine dependence among smokers with and without T2D was 39.1% and 37.1%, respectively (p？=？0.999). Fagerstr？m scores showed no significant correlation with the scores obtained on the subscale of anxiety (p？=？0,735) or depression (p？=？0,364).The prevalence of depression and anxiety among smokers with and without diabetes and non-smokers T2D is similar. Among male individuals with T2D, the smokers have more symptoms of anxiety than the non-smokers. There is no difference in the prevalence of nicotine dependence among smokers with and without diabetes. The presence of symptoms of anxiety or depression is similar between patients who are dependent and not dependent on nicotine.Growing evidence suggests an association between smoking and the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in adults [1,2]. A meta-analysis showed that smoking is associated with increased risk of developing T2D and that this phenomenon is dose-dependent [3]. According to Wen et al., the addition of smoking habit makes the appearance of diabetes earlier by an average of 4.1 years [2].According to the International Diabetes Federation, the estimated prevalence of diabetes in a population aged between 20 and 79 years is 8.3%, and 80% of those individuals live in low- and middle-income countries. Worldwide, approximately 366 million adults are diabetics, includin