Application of nanomedicine in emergency medicine; Point-of-care testing and drug delivery in twenty - first century

The concept of nanotechnology arose in the 1950s with Feynman’s vision that engineering could occur on an atomic level [1]. In the 1980s, Drexler predicted the revolutionizing of traditional manufacturing models with highly efficient and precise nanoscale processes [2]. Presently, the National Nanotechnology Initiative states that nanotechnology involves the manipulation of matter with dimensions between 1 and 100 nanometers to promote innovation across multiple disciplines. Myriad applications of nanotechnology already exist for the manufacture of consumer products, such as the incorporation of lightweight nanomaterials with dent-, scratch-, stain-, and wrinkle-resistant properties into automobiles, sports equipment, and clothing [3]. Nanotechnology also has promissing energy applications, as smaller lithium ion batteries capable of rapidly charging and discharging could increase the efficiency of mobile devices and electric automobiles [4]. Although still at a nascent stage, development of nanotechnology may lead to profound advances in manufacturing, the sciences, and medicine.The application of emerging nanotechnology to the practice of medicine represents a frontier of nanomedicine. Nanomedicine has been defined as a science which emphasizes the use of nanoscale tools in conjunction with background knowledge of the human body for medical diagnosis and treatment [5]. By operating at molecular, intracellular, and intercellular levels, nanomedicine offers promising improvements in diagnostic utilities, preventive medicine, targeted pharmacotherapy, tissue regeneration, etc. Although largely theoretical at present, such potential improvements have significant implications for clinical practice of emergency medicine (EM).Point-of-care testing: EM providers use point-of-care testing to promote rapid clinical decision-making and appropriate triage, thereby increasing emergency department (ED) throughput. These include tests for glucose, electrolytes, renal function, b