The OTA content of 30 roasted coffees purchased in French supermarkets was evaluated by two validated different methods: one using immunoaffinity column (IAC) clean-up after alkaline extraction; the second using toluene extraction under acidic conditions. OTA recoveries (0.5 to 5 μg/kg) ranged from 16–49% with the alkaline extraction method and 55–60% with the acidic method. OTA recoveries from prepared beverages were similar with all methods (75–80%). All samples containing OTA ranged from trace (
References
[1]
Abarca, M.L.; Accensi, F.; Bargulat, M.R.; Cabanes, F.J. Current importance of ochratoxin A-producing Aspergillus spp. J. Food Prot.?2001, 64, 903–906. 11403149
[2]
Reddy, K.R.N.; Abbas, H.K.; Abel, C.A.; Shier, W.T.; Salleh, B. Mycotoxin contamination of beverages: occurrence of Patulin in aplle juice and ochratoxin A in Coffee, Beer and Wine and their control methods. Toxins?2010, 2, 229–261, doi:10.3390/toxins2020229.
[3]
J?rgensen, K. Survey of pork, poultry, coffee, beer and pulses for ochratoxin A. Food Addit. Contam.?1998, 15, 550–554, doi:10.1080/02652039809374680. 9829039
[4]
Pfohl-Leszkowicz, A.; Manderville, R. Review on Ochratoxin A: an overview on toxicity and carcinogenicity in animals and humans. Mol. Nutr. Food Res.?2007, 51, 61–99, doi:10.1002/mnfr.200600137. 17195275
[5]
Krug, H.P. Cafés Duros III. Rela??o entre a porcentagem de microrganismos e qualidade do café. Revista do Instituto do Café?1940, 27, 1827–1831.
[6]
Krug, H.P. Cafés Duros IV. Rela??o entre zonas, qualidade de café e porcentagem de microrganismos. Revista do Instituto do Café?1941, 16, 288–295.
Micco, C.; Grossi, M.; Miraglia, M.; Brera, C. A study of the contamination by ochratoxin A in green coffee and roasted coffee beans. Food Addit. Contam.?1989, 6, 333–339, doi:10.1080/02652038909373788. 2721782
[9]
Nakajima, M.; Tsubouchi, H.; Miyabe, M.; Ueno, Y. Survey of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A in commercial green coffee beans by high-performance liquid chromatography linked with immunoaffinity chromatography. Food Agric. Immunol.?1997, 9, 77–83, doi:10.1080/09540109709354938.
[10]
Trucksess, M.; Giler, J.; Young, K.; White, K.D.; Page, S.W. Determination and survey of ochratoxin A in wheat, barley and coffee 1997. J. AOAC Int.?1999, 82, 85–89. 10028675
[11]
Romani, S.; Sacchetti, G.; Chaves, C.C.; Pinnavaia, G.G.; Dalla, M. Screening on the occurrence of ochratoxin A in green coffee beans of different origins and types. J. Agric. Food Chem.?2000, 48, 3616–3619, doi:10.1021/jf990783b. 10956159
[12]
Taniwaki, M.H.; Pitt, J.I.; Teixeira, A.A.; Iamanaka, B.T. The source of ochratoxin A in Brazilian coffee and its formation in relation to processing methods. Int. J. Food Microbiol.?2003, 82, 173–179, doi:10.1016/S0168-1605(02)00310-0. 12568757
[13]
Martins, M.L.; Martins, H.M.; Gimeno, A. Incidence of microflora and of ochratoxin A in green coffee beans (Coffea arabica). Food Addit. Contam.?2003, 20, 1127–1131, doi:10.1080/02652030310001620405. 14726276
[14]
Tsubouchi, H.; Yamamoto, K.; Hisada, K.; Sakabe, Y.; Udagawa, S. Effect of roasting on ochratoxin A level in green coffee beans inoculated with Aspergillus ochraceus. Mycopathologia?1987, 97, 111–115, doi:10.1007/BF00436848. 3574430
[15]
Studer-Rohr, I.; Dietrich, D.R.; Schlatter, J.; Schlatter, C. The occurrence of ochratoxin A in coffee. Food Chem. Toxicol.?1995, 33, 341–355, doi:10.1016/0278-6915(94)00150-M. 7759018
[16]
Stegen, G.V.D.; Jorissen, U.; Pittet, A.; Saccon, M.; Steines, W.; Vincenzi, M.; Winkler, M.; Zapp, J.; Schlatter, C. Screening of European coffee final products for occurrence of ochratoxin A. Food Addit. Contam.?1997, 14, 211–216, doi:10.1080/02652039709374518. 9135718
[17]
Bresch, H.; Urbanek, M.; Hell, K. Ochratoxin A in coffee, tea and beer. Archiv fur Lebensmittelhygiene?2000, 51, 89–94.
[18]
Perez de Obamos, A.; Gonzalez-Penas, E.; Lopez de Cerain, A. Influence of roasting and brew preparation on the ochratoxin A content in coffee infusion. Food Addit. Contam.?2005, 22, 463–471, doi:10.1080/02652030500090042. 16019819
[19]
Blanc, M.; Pittet, A.; Munoz-Box, R.; Viani, R. Behavior of Ochratoxin A during Green Coffee Roasting and Soluble Coffee Manufacture. J. Agric. Food Chem.?1998, 46, 673–675, doi:10.1021/jf9707703. 10554297
[20]
Boudra, H.; Bars, P.L.; Bars, J.L. Thermostability of Ochratoxin A in Wheat under Two Moisture Conditions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.?1995, 61, 1156–1158. 7793917
[21]
Stegen, G.H.D.; Essens, P.J.M.; Lijn, J. Effect of Roasting Conditions on Reduction of Ochratoxin A in Coffee. J. Agric. Food Chem.?2001, 49, 4713–4715, doi:10.1021/jf0105586. 11600012
European Union. Règlement (CE) No 1881/2006 de la Commission du 19 décembre 2006 portant fixation de teneurs maximales pour certains contaminants dans les denrées alimentaires. Journal Officiel de l’Union Européenne?2006, L364, 5–24.
[24]
Turner, N.W.; Subrahmanyam, S.; Piletsky, S.A. Analytical methods for determination of mycotoxins: A review. Anal. Chim. Acta?2009, 632, 168–180, doi:10.1016/j.aca.2008.11.010. 19110091
[25]
Organisation Internationale de Normalisation. Produits alimentaires–Dosage de l'ochratoxine A dans les céréales et produits dérivés–Partie 1: méthode par chromatographie liquide haute performance comprenant une étape d'extraction par chromatographie sur gel de silice. ISO: Genève, Suisse, 1998; NF-EN-ISO 15141-1.
[26]
Entwisle, A.C.; Williams, A.C.; Mann, P.J.; Russell, J.; Slack, P.T.; Gilbert, J. Combined phenyl silane and immunoaffinity column clean-up with liquid chromatography for determination of ochratoxin A in roasted coffee: collaborative study. J. AOAC Int.?2001, 84, 444–450. 11324609
[27]
Pittet, A.; Tornare, D.; Huggett, A.; Viani, R. Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Ochratoxin A in Pure and Adulterated Soluble Coffee Using an Immunoaffinity Column Cleanup Procedure. J. Agric. Food Chem.?1996, 44, 3564–3569, doi:10.1021/jf9602939.
[28]
Xiao, H.; Madhyastha, S.; Marquardt, R.R.; Li, S.; Vodela, J.K.; Frohlich, A.; Kemppainen, A. Toxicity of ochratoxin A, its opened lactone form and several of its analogs : structure activity relationships. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.?1996, 137, 182–192, doi:10.1006/taap.1996.0071. 8661343
[29]
Organisation Internationale de Normalisation. Produits alimentaires - Dosage de l'ochratoxine A dans l'orge et dans le café torréfié - Méthode par purification sur colonne d'immunoaffinité suivie d'une analyse par CLHP. ISO: Genève, Suisse, 2003; NF-EN-ISO 14132.
[30]
Horwitz, W.; Albert, R. The Horwitz Ratio (HorRat): A Useful Index of Method Performance with Respect to Precision. J. AOAC Int.?2006, 89, 1095–1109. 16915851
[31]
Pfohl-Leszkowicz, A.; Molinié, A. ; Castegnaro, M. Presence of ochratoxin a, citrinin and fumonisin b1 in breakfast cereals collected in french market. Comparison of OTA analysis using or not immunoaffinity clean-up before HPLC. Revista Mexicana de Micologia?2004, 19, 7–15.
[32]
Pfohl-Leszkowicz, A.; Molinié, A.; Castegnaro, M. Underestimation of fumonisin B1 and ochratoxin A, from complex matrices by use of immunoaffinity columns. In Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins, Proceeding of the XIth International IUPAC Symposium on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins, Bethesda, MD, USA, 17–21 May 2004; Njapau, H., Trujillio, S., Van Egmond, H.P., Park, D.L., Eds.; Wageningen Academic: Bethesda, MD, USA, 2006; pp. 83–89.
[33]
Molinié, A.; Faucet, V.; Castegnaro, M.; Pfohl-Leszkowicz, A. Analysis of some breakfast cereals collected on the French market for their content in ochratoxin A, citrinin and fumonisin B1. Development of a new method for simultaneous extraction of ochratoxin A and citrinin. Food Chem.?2005, 92, 391–400, doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.06.035.
[34]
Castegnaro, M.; Tozlovanu, M.; Wild, C.; Molinié, A.; Sylla, A.; Pfohl-Leszkowicz, A. Advantages and drawbacks of immunoaffinity columns in analysis of mycotoxins in food. Mol. Nutr. Food Res.?2006, 50, 480–481, doi:10.1002/mnfr.200500264. 16671060
[35]
Cantafora, A.; Grossi, M.; Miraglia, M.; Benelli, L. Determination of ochratoxin A in coffee beans using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. La Rivista della Societa Italiana di Scienza dell’Alimentazione?1983, 12, 103–108.
[36]
Leoni, L.A.B.; Soares, L.M.V.; Oliveira, P.L.C. Ochratoxin A in Brazilian roasted and instant coffees. Food Addit. Contam.?2000, 17, 867–870, doi:10.1080/026520300420448. 11103271
Pardo, E.; Marim, S.; Ramos, A.J.; Sanchis, V. Occurrence of ochratoxigenic fungi and ochratoxin A in green coffee from different origins. Food Sci. Technol. Int.?2004, 10, 45–50, doi:10.1177/1082013204041509.
[39]
Gopinandhan, T.N.; Velmourougane, K.; Panneerselvam, P.; Keshamma, E.; Raghuramulu, Y. Occurrence of ochratoxin A in green and commercial coffee samples. J. Food Sci. Technol.?2007, 44, 247–249.
[40]
Gopinandhan, T.N.; Kannan, G.S.; Panneerselvam, P.; Velmourougane, K.; Raghuramulu, Y.; Jayarama, J. Survey on ochratoxin A in Indian green coffee destined for export. Food Addit. Contam. B?2008, 1, 51–57, doi:10.1080/19393210802236984.
[41]
De Moraes, M.H.P.; Luchese, R.H. Ochratoxin A on green coffee: influence of harvest and drying processing procedures. J. Agric. Food Chem.?2003, 51, 5824–5828, doi:10.1021/jf026248k. 12952439
[42]
Batista, L.R.; Chalfoun, S.M.; Silva, C.F.; Cirillo, M.; Varga, E.A.; Schwan, R.F. Ochratoxin A in coffee beans (Coffea arabica L.) processed by dry and wet methods. Food Control?2009, 20, 784–790, doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2008.10.003.
[43]
Joint Expert Committee Food Additives (JECFA). Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants. WHO Food Additives Series No. 59; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2008; pp. 357–417.
[44]
Kuiper-Goodman, T.; Scott, P.M. Risk assessment of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A. Biomed. Environ. Sci.?1989, 2, 179–248. 2692617
[45]
Hartge, P.; Hoover, R.; West, D.W.; Lyon, J.L. Coffee drinking and risk of bladder cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst.?1983, 70, 1021–1026. 6574270
[46]
Kurashi, N.; Inoue, M.; Iwasaki, S.; Sasazuki, S.; Tsugane, S. Coffee, green tea and caffeine consumption and subsequent risk of bladder cancer in relation to smoking status: a prospective study in Japan. Cancer Sci.?2009, 100, 284–291, doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.01027.x.
[47]
Covolo, L.; Placide, D.; Gelatti, U.; Carta, A.; Di Carlo, A.S.; Lodetti, P.; Picciche, A.; Orizi, G.; Campagna, M.; Arici, C.; Dorru, S. Bladder cancer, GSTs, NAT1, NAT2, sult 1A1, XRRC1, XRRC3, XPD genetic polymorphisms and coffee consumption: a case control study. Eur. J. Epidemiol.?2008, 23, 355–362, doi:10.1007/s10654-008-9238-2. 18365755
[48]
Pfohl-Leszkowicz, A.; Bartsch, H.; Azémar, B.; Mohr, U.; Estève, J.; Castegnaro, M. MESNA protects rats against nephrotoxicity but not carcinogenicity induced by ochratoxin A, implicating two separate pathways. Facta Universitatis, Series Medicine & Biology?2002, 9, 57–63.
[49]
Faucet-Marquis, V.; Pont, F.; St?rmer, F.; Rizk, T.; Castegnaro, M.; Pfohl-Leszkowicz, A. Evidence of a new dechlorinated OTA derivative formed in opossum kidney cell cultures after pre-treatment by modulators of glutathione pathways. Correlation with DNA adducts formation. Mol. Nutr. Food Res.?2006, 50, 531–542.
[50]
Lebrun, S.; Golka, K.; Schulze, H.; Follman, W. Glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms and ochratoxin A toxicity in primary human urothelial cells. Toxicology?2006, 224, 81–90, doi:10.1016/j.tox.2006.04.034. 16716482
[51]
Faucet, V.; Pfohl-Leszkowicz, A.; Dai, J.; Castegnaro, M.; Manderville, R. Evidence for Covalent DNA Adduction by Ochratoxin A Following Chronic Exposure to Rat and Subacute Exposure to Pig. Chem. Res. Toxicol.?2004, 17, 1289–1296, doi:10.1021/tx049877s. 15377164
[52]
Mantle, P.; Faucet-Marquis, V.; Manderville, R.; Sciqualli, B.; Pfohl-Leszkowicz, A. Structures of covalent adducts between DNA and ochratoxin A: a new factor in debate about genotoxicity and human risk assessment. Chem. Res. Toxicol.?2010, 23, 89–98, doi:10.1021/tx900295a. 19928877