This study presents a new approach based on artificial neural networks for generating one biometric feature (faces) from another (only fingerprints). An automatic and intelligent system was designed and developed to analyze the relationships among fingerprints and faces and also to model and to improve the existence of the relationships. The new proposed system is the first study that generates all parts of the face including eyebrows, eyes, nose, mouth, ears and face border from only fingerprints. It is also unique and different from similar studies recently presented in the literature with some superior features. The parameter settings of the system were achieved with the help of Taguchi experimental design technique. The performance and accuracy of the system have been evaluated with 10-fold cross validation technique using qualitative evaluation metrics in addition to the expanded quantitative evaluation metrics. Consequently, the results were presented on the basis of the combination of these objective and subjective metrics for illustrating the qualitative properties of the proposed methods as well as a quantitative evaluation of their performances. Experimental results have shown that one biometric feature can be determined from another. These results have once more indicated that there is a strong relationship between fingerprints and faces.
References
[1]
Maio, D.; Maltoni, D.; Jain, A.K.; Prabhakar, S. Handbook of Fingerprint Recognition; Springer-Verlag: New York, NY, USA, 2003.
[2]
Jain, L.C.; Halici, U.; Hayashi, I.; Lee, S.B.; Tsutsui, S. Intelligent Biometric Techniques in Fingerprint and Face Recognition; CRC Press: New York, NY, USA, 1999.
[3]
Jain, A.K.; Ross, A.; Prabhakar, S. An introduction to biometric recognition. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol?2004, 14, 4–19.
[4]
Jain, A.K.; Ross, A.; Pankanti, S. Biometrics: a tool for information security. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Security?2006, 1, 125–143.
[5]
Ozkaya, N.; Sagiroglu, S. Intelligent Face Border Generation System from Fingerprints. Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (FUZZ-IEEE 2008) in IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence (WCCI 2008), Hong Kong, China, 1–6 June 2008.
[6]
Sagiroglu, S.; Ozkaya, N. An Intelligent Automatic Face Contour Prediction System, Advances in Artificial Intelligence. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS), Proceedings of the 21th Canadian Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AI 2008), Windsor, Ontario, Canada, 28–30 May 2008; Springer Berlin: Heidelberg, Germany; 5032, pp. 246–258.
[7]
Sagiroglu, S.; Ozkaya, N. An Intelligent Automatic Face Model Prediction System. Proceedings of International Conference on Multivariate Statistical Modelling & High Dimensional Data Mining (HDM 2008), Kayseri, Turkey, 19–23 June 2008.
[8]
Ozkaya, N.; Sagiroglu, S. Intelligent Face Mask Prediction System. Proceedings of International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN 2008) in IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence (WCCI 2008), Hong Kong, China, 1–6 June 2008.
[9]
Ozkaya, N.; Sagiroglu, S. Translating the Fingerprints to the Faces: A New Approach. Proceedings of IEEE 16th Signal Processing, Communication and Applications Conference (SIU 2008), Ankara, Turkey, 20–22 April 2008.
[10]
Sagiroglu, S.; Ozkaya, N. Artificial Neural Network Based Automatic Face Model Generation System from Only One Fingerprint. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS), Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Artificial Neural Networks in Pattern Recognition (ANNPR), Paris, France, 2–4 July 2008; Springer: Heidelberg, Germany; pp. 305–316.
[11]
Ozkaya, N.; Sagiroglu, S. Face Recognition from Fingerprints. J. Fac. Eng. Archit. Gazi Univ?2008, 23, 785–794.
[12]
Sagiroglu, S.; Ozkaya, N. An Intelligent and Automatic Eye Generation System from Only Fingerprints. Proceedings of Information Security and Cryptology Conference with International Participation, 23–25 December 2008; METU Culture and Convention Center: Ankara, Turkey; pp. 230–238.
[13]
Sagiroglu, S.; Ozkaya, N. Artificial Neural Network Based Automatic Face Parts Prediction System from Only Fingerprints. Proceedings of IEEE Workshop on Computational Intelligence in Biometrics: Theory, Algorithms and Applications, Nashville, TN, USA, 30 March–2 April 2009.
[14]
Sagiroglu, S.; Ozkaya, N. An Intelligent face Features Generation System from Fingerprints. Turk. J. Elect. Engineer. Comput. Sci?2009, 17, 183–203.
[15]
Sagiroglu, S.; Ozkaya, N. An Intelligent and Automatic Face Shape Prediction System from Fingerprints, Intelligent Automation and Soft Computing. 2010. in press.
[16]
Jain, A.K.; Pankanti, S.; Prabhakar, S.; Hong, L.; Ross, A.; Wayman, J.L. Biometrics: A Grand Challenge. Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Cambridge, UK, August, 2004; II, pp. 935–942.
[17]
Kovács-Vajna, Z.M. A fingerprint verification system based on triangular matching and dynamic time warping. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell?2000, 22, 1266–1276.
Zhou, J.; Gu, J. Modeling orientation fields of fingerprints with rational complex functions. Patt. Recog?2004, 37, 389–391.
[22]
Hsieh, C.T.; Lu, Z.Y.; Li, T.C.; Mei, K.C. An Effective Method To Extract Fingerprint Singular Point. Proceedings of the Fourth Int. Conf./Exhibition on High Performance Computing in the Asia-Pacific Region, Beijing, China; 2000; pp. 696–699.
[23]
R?m?, P.; Tico, M.; Onnia, V.; Saarinen, J. Optimized singular point detection algorithm for fingerprint images. Proceeding of Int. Conf. on Image Processing, Thessaloniki, Greece, October 7–10, 2001; 2001; pp. 242–245.
[24]
Zhang, Q.; Yan, H. Fingerprint classification based on extraction and analysis of singularities and pseudo ridges. Pattern Recogn?2004, 11, 2233–2243.
[25]
Wang, X.; Li, J.; Niu, Y. Definition and extraction of stable points from fingerprint images. Pattern Recogn?2007, 40, 1804–1815.
[26]
Li, J.; Yau, W.Y.; Wang, H. Combining singular points and orientation image information for fingerprint classification. Pattern Recogn?2008, 41, 353–366.
[27]
Kawagoe, M.; Tojo, A. Fingerprint pattern classification. Pattern Recogn?1984, 17, 295–303.
[28]
Nilsson, K.; Bigun, J. Localization of corresponding points in fingerprints by complex filtering. Pattern Recogn. Lett?2003, 24, 2135–2144.
[29]
Ozkaya, N.; Sagiroglu, S.; Wani, A. An intelligent automatic fingerprint recognition system design. 5th Int. Conf. on Machine Learning and Applications, Orlando, FL, USA; 2006; pp. 231–238.
[30]
Ross, A.; Jain, A.K.; Reisman, J. A Hybrid Fingerprint Matcher. Pattern Recogn?2003, 36, 1661–1673.
[31]
Cevikalp, H.; Neamtu, M.; Wilkes, M.; Barkana, A. Discriminative common vectors for face recognition. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell?2005, 27, 4–13.
[32]
Li, S.Z.; Jain, A.K. Handbook of Face Recognition; Springer Verlag: NewYork, NY, USA, 2004.
[33]
Bouchaffra, D.; Amira, A. Structural Hidden Markov Models for Biometrics: Fusion of Face and Fingerprint. Patt. Recog?2008, 41, 852–867.
[34]
Yang, M.H.; Kriegman, D.J.; Ahuja, N. Detecting faces in images: a survey. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell?2002, 24, 34–58.
[35]
Zhao, W.; Chellappa, R.; Phillips, P.J.; Rosenfeld, A. Face recognition: a literature survey. ACM Computing Surveys?2003, 35, 399–459.
[36]
Haykin, S. Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation; Macmillan College Publishing Company: New York, NY, USA, 1994.
[37]
Guven, A. Artificial Neural Network Based Diagnosis of Some of the Eye Diseases Using Ocular Electrophysiological signals. PhD. Thesis, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey, 2006.
[38]
Sagar, V.K.; Beng, K.J.A. Hybrid Fuzzy Logic and Neural Network Model For Fingerprint Minutiae Extraction. Proceedings of Int. Conf. on Neural Networks, Washington, DC, USA; 1999; 5, pp. 3255–3259.
[39]
Nagaty, K.A. Fingerprints classification using artificial neural networks: a combined structural and statistical approach. Neural Netw?2001, 14, 1293–1305.
[40]
Maio, D.; Maltoni, D. Neural network based minutiae filtering in fingerprints. Proceeding of 14th Int. Conf. on Pattern Recognition, Brisbane, Australia; 1998; pp. 1654–1658.
[41]
Powell, M.J.D. Restart procedures for the conjugate gradient method. Math. Program?1977, 12, 241–254.
[42]
Jain, A.; Prabhakar, S.; Pankanti, S. On the similarity of identical twin fingerprints. Patt. Recog?2002, 35, 2653–2663.
[43]
Cummins, H.; Midlo, C. Fingerprints, Palms and Soles: An Introduction to Dermatoglyphics; Dover Publications Inc: New York, NY, USA, 1961.
[44]
Youssif, A.A.A.; Chowdhury, M.U.; Ray, S.; Nafaa, H.Y. Fingerprint Recognition System Using Hybrid Matching Techniques. Proceedings of 6th IEEE/ACIS International Conference on Computer and Information Science (ICIS 2007), Melbourne, Australia; 2007; pp. 1086–1089.
[45]
Kong, D.; Zhang, D.; Lu, G. A study of identical twins palmprint for personal verification. Pattern Recognition?2006, 39, 2149–2156.
[46]
Jain, A.; Prabhakar, S.; Pankanti, S. Twin Test: On Discriminability of Fingerprints. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2001; pp. 211–217.
[47]
Costello, D. Families: the perfect deception: identical twins, Wall Street J. In Handbook of Fingerprint Recognition; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2003; p. 26.
[48]
Bodmer, W.; McKie, R. The Book of Man: The Quest to Discover our Genetic Heritage; Viking Press: Toronto, ON, Canada, 1994.
[49]
Cox, I.J.; Ghosn, J.; Yianilos, P.N. Feature-Based Face Recognition Using Mixture Distance. Comput. Vision Patt. Recog?1996, 10, 209–216.
[50]
Novobilski, A.; Kamangar, F.A. Absolute percent error based fitness functions for evolving forecast models, FLAIRS Conference, Key West, FL, USA; 2001; pp. 591–595.
[51]
Engen, T. Psychophysics: Scaling Methods. In Experimental Psychology, Sensation and Perception; Kling, J.W., Riggs, L.A., Eds.; Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc: New York, NY, USA, 1972; Volume 1, pp. 47–86.
[52]
Falmagne, J.C. Psychophysical measurement and theory. In Handbook of Perception and Human Performance, Sensory Processes and Perception; Boff, K.R., Kaufman, L., Thomas, J.P., Eds.; John Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, USA, 1986; Volume 1, pp. 1-1–1-64.
[53]
Wu, Y.; Wu, A. Taguchi Methods for Robust Design; American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME): New York, NY, USA, 2000.
[54]
Phadke, M.S. Quality Engineering Using Robust Design. Englewood Cliffs.; Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA, 1989.
[55]
Wang, H.T.; Liu, Z.J.; Chen, S.X.; Yang, J.P. Application of Taguchi method to robust design of BLDC motor performance. IEEE Trans. Magn?1999, 35, 3700–3702.
[56]
The Mathworks Accelerating the Pace of Engineering and Science. Available Online: http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/toolbox/nnet/nnet.html?/access/helpdesk/help/toolbox/ (accessed in 2008).
[57]
Neural Network Toolbox. Available Online: http://matlab.izmiran.ru/help/toolbox/nnet/backpr59.html/ (accessed in 2008).
[58]
Beale, E.M.L. A derivation of conjugate gradients. In Numerical methods for nonlinear optimisation; Lootsma, F.A., Ed.; Academic press: London, UK, 1972.
[59]
Shaheed, M.H. Performance analysis of 4 types of conjugate gradient algorithms in the nonlinear dynamic modelling of aTRMS using feedforward neural Networks. IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, The Hague, The Netherlands; 2004; pp. 5985–5991.
[60]
Biometrical & Art. Int. Tech. Available Online: http://www.neurotechnologija.com/vf_sdk.html (accessed in 2008).