In order to properly assess the feasibility of using Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy for soil monitoring, the variation of fluorescence intensity due to the heterogeneity and complexity of soil media was investigated. Different soil minerals showed fluorescence spectral structures distinguishable from the contaminants, implying dissimilar interactions or the binding of contaminants on mineral surfaces. More interestingly, solvent and water addition showed different responses in the fluorescence spectral structure showing their effect on the interactions between contaminants and minerals. These results support the claim that the spectral structure contains information on contaminant-mineral interactions; therefore contaminants can be used as a fluorescence probe for these interactions.
References
[1]
Apitz, S.E.; Borbridge, L.M.; Theriault, G.A.; Lieberman, S.H. Remote in-situ determination of fuel products in soil: field results and laboratory investigation. Analusis？1992, 20, 461–474.
[2]
Bublitz, J.; Dickenhausen, M.; Gr？tz, M.; Todt, S.; Schade, W. Fiber-optic laser induced fluorescence probe for the detection of environmental pollutants. Appl. Opt？1995, 34, 3223–3233.
[3]
Schade, W.; Bublitz, J. On-site laser probe for the detection of petroleum products in water and soil. Environ. Sci. Tehcnol？1996, 30, 1451–1458.
[4]
Bujewski, G.; Rutherford, B. The Rapid Optical Screening Tool (ROST？) Laser-Induced Fluorescence(LIF) System for Screening of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Subsurface Soils Innovative Technology Verification Report; National Exposure Research Laboratory Characterization Research Division: Las Vegas, NV, USA, 1997.
[5]
Bujewski, G.; Rutherford, B. The Site Characterization and Analysis Penetrometer System (SCAPS) Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) Sensor and Support System, Innovative Technology Verification Report; National Exposure Research Laboratory Characterization Research Division: Las Vegas, NV, USA, 1997.
[6]
Ferrer, R.; Beltran, J.L.; Guiteras, J. Simultaneous determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples. Talanta？1998, 45, 1073–1080.
[7]
Karlitschek, P.; Lewitzka, F.; Bünting, U. Detection of aromatic pollutants in the environment by using UV-laser induced fluorescence. Appl. Phys？1998, 67, 497–504.
[8]
Baumann, T.; Haaszio, S.; Niessner, R. Application of a laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy sensor in aquatic systems. Wat. Res？2000, 34, 1318–1326.
[9]
Aldstadt, J.; St Germain, R.; Grundl, T.; Schweizter, R. An in situ Laser Induced Fluorescence System for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Contaminated; United States Environmental Protection Agency: Chicago, IL, USA, 2002.
[10]
Patra, D. Applications and new developments in fluorescence spectroscopic techniques for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Appl. Spectrosc. Rev？2003, 38, 155–185.
[11]
Libermann, S.H. Direct-push, fluorescence-based sensor system for in-situ measurement of Petroleum hydrocarbons in soils. Field Anal. Chem. Technol？1998, 2, 63–73.
[12]
L？hmannsr？ben, H.G.; Schober, L. Combination of laser-induced fluorescence and diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy for the in situ analysis of diesel-fuel contaminated soils. Appl. Opt？1999, 38, 1404–1411.
[13]
L？hmannsr？ben, H.G.; Roch, T.; Schober, L. In-situ LIF analysis of polyneclear aromatic compounds (PAC) and mineral oils in soils. Proc. SPIE？1996, 2835, 128–134.
[14]
Baretz, B.H.; Turro, N.J. Fluorescence studies of pyrenealdehyde adsorbed within zeolite supercages. J. Photochem？1984, 24, 201–214.
[15]
Reyes, C.; Sigman, M.E.; Arce, R.; Barbas, J.T.; Dabestani, R. Photochemistry of acenaphthene at a silica gel/air interface. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A-Chem？1998, 112, 277–283.
