This study evaluates the effects of Sargassum pallidum polysaccharides (SPP) on the immune responses in a chicken model. The adjuvanticity of Sargassum pallidum polysaccharides in Newcastle disease (ND), infectious bronchitis (IB) and avian influenza (AI) was investigated by examining the antibody titers and lymphocyte proliferation following immunization in chickens. The chickens were administrated combined ND, IB and AI inactivated vaccines containing SPP at 10, 30 and 50 mg/mL, using an oil adjuvant vaccine as a control. The ND, IB and AI antibody titers and the lymphocyte proliferation were enhanced at 30 mg/mL SPP. In conclusion, an appropriate dose of SPP may be a safe and efficacious immune stimulator candidate that is suitable for vaccines to produce early and persistent prophylaxis.
References
[1]
1. Fan, Y.; Hu, Y.; Wang, D.; Guo, Z.; Guo, L.; Zhao, B.; Zhang, J.; Wang, Y.; Nguyen, T.L. Epimedium polysaccharide and propolis flavone can synergistically stimulate lymphocyte proliferation in vitro and enhance the immune responses to ND vaccine in chickens. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2010, 47, 87–92, doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.05.017.
[2]
Tseng, L.P.; Chiou, C.J.; Chen, C.C.; Deng, M.C.; Chung, T.W.; Huang, Y.Y.; Liu, D.Z. Effect of lipopolysaccharide on intranasal administration of liposomal Newcastle disease virus vaccine to SPF chickens. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2009, 131, 285–289, doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.04.009.
[3]
Guo, Z.; Hu, Y.; Wang, D.; Ma, X.; Zhao, X.; Zhao, B.; Wang, J.; Liu, P. Sulfated modification can enhance the adjuvanticity of lentinan and improve the immune effect of ND vaccine. Vaccine 2009, 27, 660–665, doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.038.
[4]
Layton, R.C.; Petrovsky, N.; Gigliotti, A.P.; Pollock, Z.; Knight, J.; Donart, N.; Pyles, J.; Harrod, K.S.; Gao, P.; Koster, F. Delta inulin polysaccharide adjuvant enhances the ability of split-virion H5N1 vaccine to protect against lethal challenge in ferrets. Vaccine 2011, 29, 6242–6251, doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.078.
[5]
Le, T.; Le, T.; Doan, T.H.; Quyan, D.; Le, K.X.; Pham, V.; Nagataki, M.; Nomura, H.; Ikeue, Y.; Watanabe, Y.; Agatsuma, T. The adjuvant effect of Sophy β-glucan to the antibody response in poultry immunized by the avian influenza A H5N1 and H5N2 vaccines. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2011, 21, 405–411.
[6]
De Vries, J.J.; Bungener, L.; Ter Veer, W.; van Alphen, L.; van der Ley, P.; Wilschut, J.; Huckriede, A. Incorporation of LpxL1, a detoxified lipopolysaccharide adjuvant, in influenza H5N1 virosomes increases vaccine immunogenicity. Vaccine 2009, 27, 947–955.
[7]
Liu, H.-J.; Jiang, N.; Li, J.-J.; Lian, Y.-I.; Zhang, P. Study on the extraction and purification of polysaccharides from Cordyceps Militaris. Acta Agric. Jiangxi 2007, 19, 80–82.
[8]
Cao, J.H.; Li, H. Progress in study on the immunoregulation effect of polysaccharides. Chin. J. Biochem. Pharm. 1999, 20, 104–107.
[9]
Zhang, H.B.; Ge, L.J.; Yang, H.J.; Yang, S.H.; Wang, C.F.; Gao, Y.D.; Zhong, J.F. In vitro endometritis pathogenic bacteria of inhibition research of the function by single type polysaccharide traditional Chinese herb. Southwest China J. Agric. Sci. 2009, 22, 798–801.
[10]
Chen, Z.W.; Gao, J.F.; Hu, T.J.; He, Y.; Liu, W.; Hu, S.; Zhao, W.; Li, B.; Liang, J.X.; Guan, Z.Y. Experimental study of Sargassum polysaccharide’s immune modulatory effect in mice. China Anim. Husb. Vet. Med. 2009, 1, 57–59.
Liu, Q.Y.; Meng, Q.Y. Effects of Sargassum confusum polysaccharide on the expression of p53 and Rb genes in mouse sarcoma S180 cells. J. South. Med. Univ. 2008, 28, 1378–1381.
[13]
Ouyang, J.; Hu, Y.Z.; Qian, Z.G. TCM research progress of immune polysaccharide as a vaccine adjuvant (in Chinese). J. Yunnan Coll. Tradit. Chin. Med. 2002, 25, 14–17.
[14]
Lu, X.T.; Dai, J.H.; Liao, M. Advances of studies on immunoregulation activities of polysaccharide. Prog. Vet. Med. 2003, 24, 10–12.
[15]
Ung, C.Y.; Li, H.; Kong, C.Y.; Wang, J.F.; Chen, Y.Z. Usefulness of traditionally defined herbal properties for distinguishing prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicine from non-prescription recipes. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007, 109, 21–28, doi:10.1016/j.jep.2006.06.007.
[16]
Kong, X.F.; Hu, Y.L.; Rui, R.; Wang, D.; Li, X. Effects of Chinese herbal medicinal ingredients on peripheral lymphocyte proliferation and serum antibody titer after vaccination in chicken. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2004, 4, 975–982, doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2004.03.008.
[17]
Kong, X.F.; Hu, Y.L.; Yin, Y.L.; Wu, G.Y.; Rui, R.; Wang, D.Y.; Yang, C.B. Chinese herbal ingredients are effective immune stimulators for chickens infected with the Newcastle disease virus. Poult. Sci. 2006, 85, 2169–2175.
[18]
Liu, S.S.; Hu, T.J.; Zeng, Y.; Wei, Y.Y.; Li, Y.H. Research Progress of Chemical Structure and Pharmacological Effect of Sargassum Polysaccharides (in Chinese). In Proceedings of 2009 Academic Annual Meeting of China Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine Veterinary Medicine Branch, Nanchang, China, 11-14 August 2009.
[19]
Ye, H. Purification, Bioactivity and Structure of Polysaccharides from the Brown Seaweed Sargassum Pallidum. Ph.D. Thesis, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, China, June 2008.
[20]
Meng, Q.Y.; Liu, Z.H.; Xu, M.Y.; Higashino, G. Extraction and analysis of the Sargassum hemiphyllum (Turner) C. Ag. Polysaccharide (SHP) (in Chinese). Spectrosc. Spectr. Anal. 2004, 24, 1560–1562.
[21]
Veterinary Pharmacopoeia Commission of the People’s Republic of China. Veterinary Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China; Chemical Industrial Press: Beijing, China, 2000; pp. 72–73.
Guo, L.W.; Wang, D.Y.; Hu, Y.L.; Zhao, X.; Wang, Y.; Yang, S.; Wang, J.; Fan, Y.; Han, G.; Gao, H. Adjuvanticity of compound polysaccharides on chickens against Newcastle disease and avian influenza vaccine. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2012, 50, 512–517, doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.01.002.
[24]
Dai, Y.; Liu, M.; Li, M. Protective efficacy of commercial Newcastle disease vaccines against challenge of goose origin virulent Newcastle disease virus in geese. Avian Dis. 2008, 52, 467–471, doi:10.1637/8239-013008-Reg.1.
National Standardization Management Committee. Diagnostic Technique of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza; Standard Press of China: Beijing, China, 2003.
[27]
Li, X.R.; Jin, H.; Wang, X.; Lu, J. Measurement of chicken splenic lymphocyte activation by MTT colorimetric assay. Anim. Husb. Vet. Med. 1996, 28, 3–5.
[28]
Ashwood, P.; Wakefield, A.J. Immune activation of peripheral blood and mucosal CD3+ lymphocyte cytokine profiles in children with autism and gastrointestinal symptoms. J. Neuroimmunol. 2006, 173, 126–134, doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.12.007.
[29]
Wang, D.; Hu, Y.; Sun, J.; Kong, X.; Zhang, B.; Liu, L. Comparative study on adjuvanticity of compound Chinese herbal medicinal ingredients. Vaccine 2005, 23, 3704–3708, doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.02.011.
[30]
Sun, Q.; Cai, X.; Tong, G. The fuction of CD4+/CD8+ in celluar immunization and its relationship with PRRS. Chin. J. Prev. Vet. Med. 2002, 22, 151–152.
[31]
Wang, D.Y.; Hu, Y.L.; Zhang, B.K.; Liu, J.G.; Wang, X.T. Comparison on immune synergism of several Chinese herbal medicinal ingredients with interleukin-2. J. Nanjing Agric. Univ. 2005, 28, 140–142.
