A series of Keggin-type heteropoly compounds (HPC) having different countercations (Co, Fe) and different addenda atoms (W, Mo) were synthesized and characterized by means of Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FT-IR) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The catalytic properties of the prepared catalysts for the?dimethyl carbonate (DMC) synthesis from CO 2 and CH 3OH were investigated. The experimental results showed that the catalytic activity is significantly influenced by the type of the countercation and addenda atoms transition metal. Among the catalysts examined, Co 1.5PW 12O 40 is the most active for the DMC synthesis, owing to the synergetic effect between Co and W. Investigating the effect of the support showed that the least acidic one (Al 2O 3) enhanced the conversion but decreased the DMC selectivity in favor of that of methyl formate (MF), while that of dimethoxy methane remained stable.
References
[1]
Centi, G; Perathoner, S. Opportunities and prospects in the chemical recycling of carbon dioxide to fuels. Catal. Today?2009, 148, 191–205.
[2]
Yin, X; Moss, JR. Recent developments in the activation of carbon dioxide by metal complexes. Coordinat. Chem. Rev?1999, 181, 27–59.
[3]
Zhag, K; Kogelschatz, U; Eliasson, B. Conversion of greenhouse gases to synthesis gas and higher hydrocarbons. Energy Fuel?2001, 15, 395–401.
[4]
Inui, T; Yamamoto, T. Effective synthesis of ethanol from CO2 on polyfunctional composite catalysts. Catal. Today?1998, 45, 209–221.
[5]
Zevenhoven, R; Eloneva, S; Teir, S. Chemical fixation of CO2 in carbonates: Routes to valuable products and long-term storage. Catal. Today?2006, 115, 73–79.
[6]
Aouissi, A; Al-Othman, ZA; Al-Amro, A. Gas-phase synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from methanol and carbon dioxide over Co1.5PW12O40 keggin-type heteropolyanion. Int. J. Mol. Sci?2010, 11, 1343–1351.
[7]
Aouissi, A; Allaoui, LA; Aldhayan, D. Catalytic reactivity of 12-molybdophosphoric acid and its Copper and Zinc salts in CO2 methanol reforming. Asian J. Chem?2006, 18, 3009–3016.
[8]
Aouissi, A; Allaoui, LA. Effect of the Br?nsted acidity on the behavior of CO2 methanol reaction. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem?2006, 259, 281.
[9]
Guo, XC; Qin, ZF; Wang, GF. Wang, J.G. Critical temperatures and pressures of reacting mixture in synthesis of dimethyl carbonate with methanol and carbon dioxide. Chin. Chem. Lett?2008, 19, 249–252.
[10]
Jiang, C; Guo, Y; Wang, C; Hua, C; Wuc, Y; Wang, E. Synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from methanol and carbon dioxide in the presence of polyoxometalates under mild conditions. Appl. Catal. A: Gen?2003, 256, 203–212.
[11]
Bian, J; Xiao, M; Wang, S; Lu, Y; Meng, Y. Direct synthesis of DMC from CH3OH and CO2 over V-doped Cu–Ni/AC catalysts. Catal. Commun?2009, 10, 1142–1145.
[12]
Bian, J; Xiao, M; Wang, S; Lu, Y; Meng, Y. Novel application of thermally expanded graphite as the support of catalysts for direct synthesis of DMC from CH3OH and CO2. J. Colloid Interf. Sci?2009, 334, 50–57.
[13]
Wu, XL; Xiao, M; Meng, YZ; Lu, YX. Direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) using Cu-Ni/VSO as catalyst. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem?2006, 249, 93–97.
[14]
Jiang, C; Guo, Y; Wang, C; Hu, C; Wu, Y; Wang, E. Synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from methanol and carbon dioxide in the presence of polyoxometalates under mild conditions. Appl. Catal. A: Gen?2003, 256, 203–212.
[15]
Kizlink, J; Pastucha, I. Preparation of dimethyl carbonate from methanol and carbon dioxide in the presence of Sn(IV) and Ti(IV) alkoxides and metal acetates. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun?1995, 60, 687.
[16]
Jung, KT; Bell, AT. Effects of catalyst phase structure on the elementary processes involved in the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from methanol and carbon dioxide over zirconia. Topics Catal?2002, 20, 97–105.
[17]
Pacheco, MA; Marshall, CL. Review on Dimethyl carbonate manufacture and its characteristics as a fuel additive. Energ. Fuel?1997, 11, 2–29.
[18]
Ono, Y. Catalysis in the production and reactions of dimethyl carbonate, an environmentally benign building block. Appl. Catal. A: Gen?1997, 155, 133–166.
[19]
Niemel?, M; Nokkosm?ki, M. Activation of carbon dioxide on Fe-catalysts. Catal. Today?2005, 100, 269–274.
[20]
Kim, BJ; Cho, KS; Park, SJ. Copper oxide-decorated porous carbons for carbon dioxide adsorption behaviors. J. Colloid Interf. Sci?2010, 342, 575–578.
[21]
Walther, D; Ruben, M; Rau, S. Carbon dioxide and metal centres: from reactions inspired by nature to reactions in compressed carbon dioxide as solvent. Coord. Chem. Rev?1999, 182, 67–100.
[22]
Yin, X; Moss, JR. Recent developments in the activation of carbon dioxide by metal complexes. Coord. Chem. Rev?1999, 181, 27–59.
[23]
Wang, D; Zhang, X; Gao, Y; Xiao, F; Wei, W; Sun, Y. Zn/Fe mixed oxide: Heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from methyl carbamate and methanol. Catal. Commun?2010, 11, 430–433.
[24]
Montilla, F; Clara, E; Avile’s, T; Casimiro, T; Ricardo, AA; Nunes da Ponte, M. Transition-metal-mediated activation of arylisocyanates in supercritical carbon dioxide. J. Organomet. Chem?2001, 626, 227–232.
[25]
Rocchiccioli-Deltcheff, C; Fournier, M. Catalysis by polyoxometalates. Part 3,–influence of Vanadium (V) on the thermal stability of 12-metallophosphoric acids from in situ infrared studies. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans?1991, 87, 3913–3920.
[26]
Fournier, M; Feumi-Jantou, C; Rabia, C; Herve, G; Launay, S. Polyoxometalates catalyst materials: X-Ray thermal stability study of phosphorus-containing heteropolyacids H3+xPM12?xVxO40.13–14H2O (M=Mo, W; x=0–1). J. Mater. Chem?1992, 2, 971–978.
[27]
Gao, R; Chen, H; Le, Y; Dai, W-L; Fan, K. Highly active and selective Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40/SBA- 15 composite material in the oxidation of cyclopentane-1,2-diol to glutaric acid by aqueous H2O2. Appl. Catal. A: Gen?2009, 352, 61–65.
[28]
Fuchs, VM; Pizzio, LR; Blanco, MN. Synthesis and characterization of aluminum or copper tungstophosphate and tungstosilicate immobilized in a polymeric blend. Eur. Polym. J?2008, 44, 801–807.
[29]
Louis, C; Tatibou?t, JM; Che, M. Catalytic properties of silica-supported molybdenum catalysts in methanol oxidation: The influence of molybdenum dispersion. J. Catal?1988, 109, 354–366.
[30]
Damyanova, S; Cubeiro, ML; Fierro, JLG. Acid-redox properties of titania-supported 12-molybdophosphates for methanol oxidation. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem?1999, 142, 85–100.
[31]
Venezia, AM; Parola, VL; Pawelec, B; Fierro, JLG. Hydrogenation of aromatics over Au–Pd/SiO2–Al2O3 catalysts; support acidity effect. Appl. Catal. A: Gen?2004, 264, 43–51.
[32]
Borque, MP; Lopez-Agudo, A; Olguin, E. Catalytic activities of Co(Ni) Mo/TiO2–Al2O3 catalysts in gasoil and thiophene HDS and pyridine HDN: Effect of the TiO2–Al2O3 composition. Appl. Catal. A: Gen?1999, 180, 53–61.
[33]
Rocchiccioli-Deltcheff, C; Fournier, M; Franck, R; Thouvenot, R. Vibrational investigations of polyoxometalates. Evidence for anion-anion interactions in molybdenum(VI) and tungsten(VI) compounds related to the Keggin structure. Inorg. Chem?1983, 22, 207–216.
[34]
Rocchiccioli-Deltcheff, C; Aouissi, A; Launay, S; Fournier, M. Silica-supported 12-molybdophosphoric acid catalysts: Influence of the thermal treatments and of the Mo contents on their behavior, from IR, Raman, X-ray diffraction studies, and catalytic reactivity in the methanol oxidation. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem?1996, 114, 331–342.