The quality of the consumed drinking water may affect oral health. For example, the presence of iron in drinking water can cause aesthetic problems related to changes in dental enamel color. This study assessed the prevalence of extrinsic enamel color changes and their relationship with the quality of the water in the town of Caapiranga/AM-Brazil. Three hundred and forty six residents of the urban area were examined, and they also answered a questionnaire on eating habits and self-perceived oral health. As the initial results indicated an insufficient number of observations for the application of variance analysis (one-way ANOVA), the Student t test was chosen to compare levels of iron content in the water coming from two sources. The change in tooth color had a prevalence of 5.78% (20 people). The majority of the population (n = 261, 75.43%) consumed well water. Those who presented extrinsic stains were uncomfortable with the appearance of their teeth (15.09%). We conclude that while there is excess of iron in the water in this region of Brazil, no association between extrinsic stains on the enamel and the level of iron in the water was found. There was a low prevalence of extrinsic stains in Caaparinga, being found only in children and adolescents. In the present study, an association between the presence of stains and the consumption of a？ai was determined, and those who presented them felt uncomfortable about their aesthetics.
References
[1]
Pereira, W.S.; Freire, R.S. Ferro zero: Uma nova abordagem para o tratamento de águas contaminadas com compostos organicos poluentes. Quim Nova 2005, 28, 130–136. (in Portuguese), doi:10.1590/S0100-40422005000100022.
[2]
Carvalho, M.N.; Santana, D.; Abreu, C.A.; Silva, V.L.; Motta, M. Remo？？o do Ferro da água Potável da Grande Recife por Adsor？？o em Materiais Naturais: Fase II-Avalia？？o Comparativa da Baronesa com o Baga？o de Cana-de-a？úcar. Available online: http://www.bvsde.paho.org/ bvsacd/abes23/II-199.pdf (accessed on 10 December 2010). (in Portuguese).
[3]
Di Bernardo, L.; Di Bernardo, A. Reference. In Métodos e Técnicas de Tratamento de água, Volume 2; Rima Editora: S？o Carlos, Santa Paula, Brazil, 2005. (in Portuguese).
[4]
Tsutiya, M.T. Metais Pesados: O Principal Fator Limitante Para o Uso Agrícula de Biossólidos das Esta？？es de Tratamento de Esgoto. Available online: http://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvsaidis/ brasil20/i-140.pdf (accessed on 10 December 2010). (in Portuguese).
[5]
Madeira, V.S.; José, H.J.; Moreira, R.F.P.M. Utiliza？？o de Carv？o Adsorvente Para Remo？？o de íons Ferro em águas Naturais. 2002. Available online: http://www.enq.ufsc.br/labs/ldpt/artigo%20meio%20filtrante.pdf (accessed on 13 December 2010).
[6]
Neville, B.W.; Damm, D.D.; Allem, C.M.; Bouquot, J.E. Reference. In Patologia Oral e Maxilofacial, 3rd ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 2009.
[7]
Nascimento-Filho, D.G.; Pereira, A.G. Remo？？o de Ferro em águas de Abastecimento, Maximiza？？o da Eficiência dos Processos Oxidativos, Seguidos de Filtra？？o Direta—Condicionantes e Resultados Práticos, Available online: http://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvsacd/abes23/I-089.pdf (Accessed on 10 December 2010). (in Portuguese).
[8]
Caldas, C.T.; Mialhe, F.L.; Silva, R.P. Prevalence of extrinsic black dental stains and its relation to dental caries in the municipality of Santa Terezinha de Itaipu-PR. RFO 2008, 13, 22–26. (in Portuguese).
[9]
Sousa, K.R.; Almeida, M.E.C.; Silva, C.S.; Sousa, M.L.R. Rela？？o da qualidade da água de abastecimento público e manchas dentárias. RPG 2011, 18, 39–44. (in Portuguese).
[10]
Secretaria da Saúde do Estado do Amazonas. Prefeitura de Manaus. Available online: http://semsa.manaus.am.gov.br/ (accessed on 8 Feburay 2008). (in Portuguese).
[11]
World Health Organization. Oral Heath Surveys: Basic Method; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 1997.
[12]
Agudo, E.G. Guia de Coleta e Preserva？？o de Amostras de água. Available online: http://www.cetesb.sp.gov.br/ (accessed on 8 Feburay 2008). (in Portuguese).
[13]
Instituto Nacional de Metereologia. Available online: http://www.inmet.gov.br/html/prev_tempo.php (accessed on 20 May 2011).
[14]
Ministry of Health of Brazil. Portaria MS No. 518/2004. Available online: http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/arquivos/pdf/portaria_518_2004.pdf (accessed on 5 July 2010). (in Portuguese).
[15]
Nordb？, H.; Kolsto, A.B.; Eriksen, H.M. Salivary lactoferrin in a selected group of subjects with exceptional extrinsic dental staining. J. Oral Pathl. 1987, 16, 392–394.
[16]
Addy, M.; Moran, J.; Davies, R.M.; Beak, A.; Lewis, A. The effect of single morning and evening rinses of chlorhexidine on the development of tooth staining and plaque accumulation. A double blind cross-over trial. J. Clin. Periodontal.l 1982, 9, 134–140, doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.1982.tb01229.x.
[17]
Olson, B.L.; Stookey, G.K. An in vitro Model for Studying Stain Formation on Intact Enamel. In Proceeding of the 59th General Session of the IADR, Chigago, IL, USA, 19-22 March 1981.
[18]
Pushpanjali, K.; Sudhanshu, S.K.; Surya, R.N. The relationship of dental extrinsic stain with the concentration of trace elements in water sources in a district of Nepal. Oral Health Prev. Dent. 2004, 2, 33–37. 15641763
[19]
Proctor, G.B.; Pramanik, R.; Carpenter, G.H.; Rees, G.D. Salivary proteins interact with dietary constituents to modulate tooth staining. J. Dent. Res. 2005, 84, 73–78, doi:10.1177/154405910508400113.
[20]
Menezes, E.M.S.; Torres, A.T.; Srur, A.U.S. Valor nutricional da polpa de a？aí (Euterpe oleracea Mart) liofilizada. Acta Amazonica 2008, 38, 312–315. (in Portuguese).
[21]
Davis, P.; Marlow, D. Asset management: Quantifying the economic lifetime of large-diameter pipelines. J. Amer. Water Works Assn. 2008, 100, 110–119.
[22]
Rocha, A.A.; Pereira, D.N.; De Padua, H.B. Produto de pesca e contaminantes químicos na água da represa Billings, S？o Paulo (Brasil). Revista de Saúde Pública 1985, 19, 401–410, doi:10.1590/S0034-89101985000500003.
[23]
Freitas, M.B.; Brilhante, D.M.; Almeida, L.M. Importancia da análise de água para a saúde pública em duas regi？es do Estado do Rio de Janeiro: enfoque para coliformes fecais, nitrato e alumínio. Cad Saúde Pública 2001, 17, 651–660. (in Portuguese), doi:10.1590/S0102-311X2001000300019.
[24]
Valim, P.C.N. Avalia？？o físico-química e bacteriológica da água de po？os no município de Pirapora-Minas Gerais 2005. Available online: http://semasa.sp.gov.br/admin/biblioteca/docs/pdf/35Assemae010.pdf (accessed on 28 January 2011).
[25]
Flores, E.M.T.L.; Drehmer, T.M. Conhecimentos, percep？？es, comportamentos e representa？？es de saúde e doen？a bucal dos adolescentes de escolas públicas de dois bairros de Porto Alegre. Cienc e Saude Coletiva 2003, 8, 743–752. (in Portuguese), doi:10.1590/S1413-81232003000300008.
[26]
Souza, G.B.; Nogueira de Sá, P.H.R.; Junqueira, S.R.; Frias, A.C. Avalia？？o dos Procedimentos Coletivos em Saúde Bucal: percep？？o de adolescentes de Embu, SP. Saude Soc. 2007, 16, 138–148. (in Portuguese), doi:10.1590/S0104-12902007000300013.
