Structural Functions of Particles in Spoken Russian
语气词在俄语口语中的结构功能

Traditional Russian grammar always assumes that particles do not act as sentence parts, nor do they have any syntactic functions. This assumption hardly holds water in spoken Russian, in which there are quite a number of particles with active structural and communicative functions. Due to the extra-linguistic nature of a spoken language, particles can be used as fixed syntactic elements to build structural and semantic models. The structural functions of particles of spoken Russian fall into three categories: independent sentence, structural element, and syntactic repetition in a dialog.