X-efficiency and Individual Motivation in Business Settings
X-效率与企业内部的个体激励

H. Leibenstein(1966) discovered that there is low efficiency in firms and argued that this inefficiency was due to the lack of individual motivation in organizations. This study identifies several factors that influence individual motivation, and examines, with the use of tha expecatancy theory, how the changes in these factors affect individual efforts, performance, and satisfaction. Some approaches and the necessary conditions for improving individual effrt are discussed. Furthermore, in the light of individual motivation we propose several perspectives for understacding why the state-owned enterprises(SOE) in our country lack efficiency.