Using a GFP-gene fusion technique to study the cell cycle-dependent distribution of calmodulin in living cells

In this study, a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-calmodulin (CaM) fusion gene method was used to examine the distribution of calmodulin during various stages of cell cycle. First, it was found that the distribution of CaM in living cells changes with the cell cycle. CaM was found mainly in the cytoplasm during G1 phase. It began to move into the nucleus when the cell entered S phase. At G2 phase, CaM became more concentrated in the nucleus than in cytoplasm . Second, the accumulation of CaM in the nucleus during G2 phase appeared to be related to the onset of mitosis , since inhibiting the activation of CaM at this stage resulted in blocking the nuclear membrane breakdown and chro-matin condensation. Finally, after the cell entered mitosis, a high concentration of CaM was found at the polar regions of the mitotic spindle. At this time, inhibiting the activity of CaM would cause a disruption of the spindle structure. The relationship between the stage-specific distribution of CaM and its function in regulating the progression of cell cycle was discussed.