SUBSEA TUNNEL PROJECTS IN HARD ROCK ENVIRONMENT IN SCANDINAVIA
斯堪的纳维亚硬岩海底隧道工程

The paper reviews the experiences from Nordic subsea tunnel benchmark projects,with emphasis on subsea road tunnels excavated in bedrock. More than 25 such tunnels have been built in the Nordic countries,representing a total length of more than 100 km,and with the majority of the projects located in Norway. The completed projects include tunnels with length up to 7.9 km and depth below the sea level down to 264 m. All these tunnels have been excavated by methods of drilling and blasting. Important issues concerning investigation,planning,design and construction are described;and important lessons learned from these projects are discussed. Finally,plans for potential future subsea tunnel projects are presented,representing tunnel lengths of up to 24 km and depths below sea level down to 400 m. Also subsea tunnel projects in other Nordic countries will be presented as they have been designed and constructed according to Norwegian subsea tunnel principles.