[1] | Clutton-Brock TH (1988) Reproductive success: studies of individual variation in contrasting breeding systems. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
|
[2] | Clutton-Brock TH, Hodge SJ, Flower TP, Spong GF, Young AJ (2010) Adaptive suppression of subordinate reproduction in cooperative mammals. Am Nat 176: 664–673.
|
[3] | Emlen S (1982) The evolution of helping. II. The role of behavioral conict. Am Nat 119: 40–53.
|
[4] | Clutton-Brock TH (2009) Structure and function in mammalian societies. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 364: 3229–3242.
|
[5] | Komdeur J (2001) Mate guarding in the Seychelles warbler is energetically costly and adjusted to paternity risk. Proc R Soc B 268: 2103–2111.
|
[6] | Cohas A, Yoccoz NG, Silva A, Goossens B, Allainé D (2006) Extra-pair paternity in the monog amous Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota): the roles of social setting and female mate choice. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 59: 597–605.
|
[7] | Clutton-Brock TH (1998) Reproductive skew, concessions and limited control. Trends Ecol Evol 13: 288–292.
|
[8] | Reeve HK, Emlen S, Keller L (1998) Reproductive sharing in animal societies: reproductive incen tives or incomplete control by dominant breeders? Behav Ecol 9: 267–278.
|
[9] | Spong GF, Hodge SJ, Young AJ, Clutton-Brock TH (2008) Factors affecting the reproductive success of dominant male meerkats. Mol Ecol 17: 2287–2299.
|
[10] | Alberts SC, Watts HE, Altmann J (2003) Queuing and queue-jumping: long-term patterns of reproductive skew in male savannah baboons, Papio cynocephalus. Anim Behav 65: 821–840.
|
[11] | Allainé D, Theuriau F (2004) Is there an optimal number of helpers in Alpine marmot family groups? Behav Ecol 15: 916–924.
|
[12] | Setchell J, Wickings E (2006) Life history in male mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx): physical devel opment, dominance rank, and group association. Am J Phys Anthropol 510: 498–510.
|
[13] | Mitchell JS, Jutzeler E, Heg D, Taborsky M (2009) Gender differences in the costs that subordinate group members impose on dominant males in a cooperative breeder. Ethology 115: 1162–1174.
|
[14] | Clutton-Brock TH, Guinness F, Albon S (1982) Red deer: behavior and ecology of two sexes. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
|
[15] | Haley M, Deutsch C, Le Boeuf B (1994) Size, dominance and copulatory success in male northern elephant seals, Mirounga angustirostris. Anim Behav 48: 1249–1260.
|
[16] | Ellis L (1995) Dominance and reproductive success among non human animals: a cross-species comparison. Ethol Sociobiol 16: 257–333.
|
[17] | Allainé D (2000) Sociality, mating system and reproductive skew in marmots: evidence and hy potheses. Behav Process 51: 21–34.
|
[18] | Arnold W, Dittami J (1997) Reproductive suppression in male Alpine marmots. Anim Behav 53: 53–66.
|
[19] | Hacklander K (2003) Reproductive suppression in female Alpine marmots, Marmota marmota. Anim Behav 65: 1133–1140.
|
[20] | Goossens 302 B, Graziani L, Waits LP, Farand E, Magnolon S, et al. (1998) Extra-pair paternity in the monogamous Alpine marmot revealed by nuclear DNA microsatellite analysis. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 43: 281–288.
|
[21] | Jennions MD, Petrie M (2000) Why do females mate multiply? A review of the genetic benefits. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 75: 21–64.
|
[22] | Griffith SC, Owens IPF, Thuman KA (2002) Extra pair paternity in birds: a review of interspecific variation and adaptive function. Mol Ecol 11: 2195–2212.
|
[23] | Westneat D, Stewart I (2003) Extra-pair paternity in birds: causes, correlates, and conict. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 34: 365–396.
|
[24] | Cohas A, Allainé D (2009) Social structure inuences extra-pair paternity in socially monogamous mammals. Biol Lett 5: 313–316.
|
[25] | Kutsukake N, Nunn CL (2006) Comparative tests of reproductive skew in male primates: the roles of demographic factors and incomplete control. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 60: 695–706.
|
[26] | Widdig A, Bercovitch F, Streich W, Sauermann U, Nürnberg P, et al. (2004) A longitudinal analysis of reproductive skew in male rhesus macaques. Proc R Soc B 271: 819–826.
|
[27] | Clutton-Brock TH, Brotherton PN, Russell aF, O'Riain MJ, Gaynor D, et al. (2001) Cooperation, control, and concession in meerkat groups. Science 291: 478–81.
|
[28] | Cant MA (2000) Social control of reproduction in banded mongooses. Anim Behav 59: 147–158.
|
[29] | Haydock J, Koenig WD (2003) Patterns of reproductive skew in the polygynandrous acorn wood pecker. Am Nat 162: 277–289.
|
[30] | Awata S, Munehara H, Kohda M (2005) Social system and reproduction of helpers in a cooper atively breeding cichlid fish (Julidochromis ornatus) in lake Tanganyika: field observations and parentage analyses. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 58: 506–516.
|
[31] | Heg D (2006) Cooperative breeding in the lake Tanganyika cichlid Julidochromis ornatus. Environ Biol Fish 76: 265–281.
|
[32] | Packer C, 327 Herbst L, Pusey A, Bygott J, Hanby J, et al. (1988) Reproductive success: studies of individual variation in contrasting breeding systems. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, chapter Reproductive success of lions. pp. 363–383.
|
[33] | Steenbeek R (2000) Reproductive success: studies of individual variation in contrasting breeding systems. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press, chapter Infanticide by males and female choice in Thomas' langurs. pp. 153–177.
|
[34] | Heg D, Ens B, Burke T, Jenkins L (1993) Why does the typically monogamous oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus) engage in extra-pair copulations? Behaviour 126: 247–289.
|
[35] | Lardy S, Cohas A, Figueroa I, Allainé D (2011) Mate change in a socially monogamous mammal: evidences support the “forced divorce” hypothesis. Behav Ecol 22: 120–125.
|
[36] | Cowlishaw G, Dunbar RI (1991) Dominance rank and mating success in male primates. Anim Behav 41: 1045–1056.
|
[37] | Rubenstein DR, Shen SF (2009) Reproductive conict and the costs of social status in cooperatively breeding vertebrates. Am Nat 173: 650–661.
|
[38] | Sparkman AM, Adams J, Beyer A, Steury TD, Waits L, et al. (2011) Helper effects on pup lifetime fitness in the cooperatively breeding red wolf (Canis rufus). Proc R Soc B 278: 1381–1389.
|
[39] | Young AJ, Carlson AA, Monfort SL, Russell AF, Bennett NC, et al. (2006) Stress and the sup pression of subordinate reproduction in cooperatively breeding meerkats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103: 12005–12010.
|
[40] | Bel M, Porteret C, Coulon J (1995) Scent deposition by cheek rubbing in the Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) in the French Alps. Can J Zool 73: 2065–2071.
|
[41] | Cohas A, Yoccoz N, Bonenfant C, Goossens B, Genton C, et al. (2008) The genetic similarity between pair members inuences the frequency of extrapair paternity in Alpine marmots. Anim Behav 76: 87–95.
|
[42] | Kalinowski ST, Taper ML, Marshall TC (2007) Revising how the computer program cervus ac commodates genotyping error increases success in paternity assignment. Mol Ecol 16: 1099–1106.
|
[43] | Cox D 353 (1972) Regression models and life tables (with discussion). J Roy Statist Soc Ser B 34: 187–220.
|
[44] | Wajnberg E (2006) Time allocation strategies in insect parasitoids: from ultimate predictions to proximate behavioral mechanisms. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 60: 589–611.
|
[45] | Kalbeisch J, Prentice R (2002) The statistical analysis of failure time data, volume 5. Wiley New York.
|
[46] | Kleinbaum D, Klein M (2005) Survival analysis: a self-learning text. New York: Springer Verlag.
|
[47] | R Development Core Team (2010) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL http://www.R-project.org/. ISBN 3-900051-07-0.
|
[48] | Bates D, Maechler M (2010) lme4: linear mixed-effects models using S4 classes. URL http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lme4. R package version 0.999375-37.
|
[49] | Therneau T, original Splus R port by Thomas Lumley (2011) survival: survival analysis, including penalised likelihood. URL http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=surviv?al. R package version 2.36-5.
|