全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...
PLOS ONE  2012 

Ejaculate Economics: Testing the Effects of Male Sexual History on the Trade-Off between Sperm and Immune Function in Australian Crickets

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030172

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

Trade-offs between investment into male sexual traits and immune function provide the foundation for some of the most prominent models of sexual selection. Post-copulatory sexual selection on the male ejaculate is intense, and therefore trade-offs should occur between investment into the ejaculate and the immune system. Examples of such trade-offs exist, including that between sperm quality and immunity in the Australian cricket, Teleogryllus oceanicus. Here, we explore the dynamics of this trade-off, examining the effects that increased levels of sexual interaction have on the viability of a male's sperm across time, and the concomitant effects on immune function. Males were assigned to a treatment, whereby they cohabited with females that were sexually immature, sexually mature but incapable of copulation, or sexually mature and capable of copulation. Sperm viability of each male was then assessed at two time points: six and 13 days into the treatment, and immune function at day 13. Sperm viability decreased across the time points, but only for males exposed to treatment classes involving sexually mature females. This decrease was similar in magnitude across both sexually mature classes, indicating that costs to the expression of high sperm viability are incurred largely through levels of pre-copulatory investment. Males exposed to immature females produced sperm of low viability at both time points. Although we confirmed a weak negative association between sperm viability and lytic activity (a measure of immune response to bacterial infection) at day 13, this relationship was not altered across the mating treatment. Our results highlight that sperm viability is a labile trait, costly to produce, and subject to strategic allocation in these crickets.

References

[1]  Bateman AJ (1948) Intra-sexual selection in Drosophila. Heredity 2: 349–368.
[2]  Trivers RL (1972) Parental investment and sexual selection. In: Campbell B, editor. Sexual selection and the descent of man. Chicago: Aladine. pp. 136–179.
[3]  Reznick D (1985) Costs of reproduction - an evaluation of the empirical evidence. Oikos 44: 257–267.
[4]  R?nn J, Katvala M, Arnqvist G (2006) The costs of mating and egg production in Callosobruchus seed beetles. Animal Behaviour 72: 335–342.
[5]  Crudgington HS, Siva-Jothy MT (2000) Genital damage, kicking and early death - The battle of the sexes takes a sinister turn in the bean weevil. Nature 407: 855–856.
[6]  Dowling DK, Meerupati T, Arnqvist G (2010) Cytonuclear Interactions and the Economics of Mating in Seed Beetles. American Naturalist 176: 131–140.
[7]  Dowling DK, Simmons LW (2009) ROS as universal constraints in life-history evolution. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 276: 1737–1745.
[8]  Stearns SC (1989) Trade-Offs in Life-History Evolution. Functional Ecology 3: 259–268.
[9]  Olsson M, Madsen T, Shine R (1997) Is sperm really so cheap? Costs of reproduction in male addears, Vipera berus. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences 264: 455–459.
[10]  Paukku S, Kotiaho JS (2005) Cost of reproduction in Callosobruchus maculatus: effects of mating on male longevity and the effect of male mating status on female longevity. Journal of Insect Physiology 51: 1220–1226.
[11]  Dewsbury DA (1982) Ejaculate cost and male choice. American Naturalist 119: 601–610.
[12]  Van Voorhies WA (1992) Production of sperm reduces nematode life-span. Nature 360: 456–458.
[13]  Pitnick S, Markow TA (1994) Large-male advantages associated with costs of sperm production in Drosophila hydei, a species with giant sperm. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 91: 9277–9281.
[14]  Pitnick S (1996) Investment in testes and the cost of making long sperm in Drosophila. American Naturalist 148: 57–80.
[15]  Nakatsuru K, Kramer DL (1982) Is sperm cheap - Limited male-fertility and female choice in the Lemon Tetra (Pisces, Characidae). Science 216: 753–755.
[16]  Immler S, Pitnick S, Parker GA, Durrant KL, Lupold S, et al. (2011) Resolving variation in the reproductive tradeoff between sperm size and number. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108: 5325–5330.
[17]  Parker GA, Pizzari T (2010) Sperm competition and ejaculate economics. Biological Reviews 85: 897–934.
[18]  Drnevich JM, Barnes AI, Siva-Jothy MT (2002) Immune investment and sperm competition in a beetle. Physiological Entomology 27: 228–234.
[19]  Kerr AM, Gershman SN, Sakaluk SK (2010) Experimentally induced spermatophore production and immune responses reveal a trade-off in crickets. Behavioral Ecology 21: 647–654.
[20]  Gershman SN, Barnett CA, Pettinger AM, Weddle CB, Hunt J, et al. (2010) Give 'til it hurts: trade-offs between immunity and male reproductive effort in the decorated cricket, Gryllodes sigillatus. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 23: 829–839.
[21]  Simmons LW, Roberts B (2005) Bacterial immunity traded for sperm viability in male crickets. Science 309: 2031.
[22]  Losdat S, Richner H, Blount JD, Helfenstein F (2011) Immune Activation Reduces Sperm Quality in the Great Tit. Plos One 6: e22221.
[23]  Parker GA, Ball MA, Stockley P, Gage MJG (1997) Sperm competition games: a prospective analysis of risk assessment. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 264: 1793–1802.
[24]  Parker GA, Ball MA, Stockley P, Gage MJG (1996) Sperm competition games: Individual assessment of sperm competition intensity by group spawners. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 263: 1291–1297.
[25]  Snook RR (2005) Sperm in competition: not playing by the numbers. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 20: 46–53.
[26]  Wigby S, Sirot LK, Linklater JR, Buehner N, Calboli FCF, et al. (2009) Seminal Fluid Protein Allocation and Male Reproductive Success. Current Biology 19: 751–757.
[27]  García-González F, Simmons LW (2005) Sperm viability matters in insect sperm competition. Current Biology 15: 271–275.
[28]  Simmons LW, Denholm A, Jackson C, Levy E, Madon E (2007) Male crickets adjust ejaculate quality with both risk and intensity of sperm competition. Biology Letters 3: 520–522.
[29]  Thomas ML, Simmons LW (2007) Male crickets adjust the viability of their sperm in response to female mating status. American Naturalist 170: 190–195.
[30]  Hamilton WD, Zuk M (1982) Heritable true fitness and bright birds: a role for parasites? Science 218: 384–387.
[31]  Folstad I, Karter AJ (1992) Parasites, Bright Males, and the Immunocompetence Handicap. American Naturalist 139: 603–622.
[32]  Folstad I, Skarstein F (1997) Is male germ line control creating avenues for female choice? Behavioral Ecology 8: 109–112.
[33]  Simmons LW (2003) The evolution of polyandry: patterns of genotypic variation in female mating frequency, male fertilization success and a test of the sexy-sperm hypothesis. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 16: 624–634.
[34]  Dowling DK, Nowostawski AL, Arnqvist G (2007) Effects of cytoplasmic genes on sperm viability and sperm morphology in a seed beetle: implications for sperm competition theory? Journal of Evolutionary Biology 20: 358–368.
[35]  Holman L (2009) Sperm viability staining in ecology and evolution: potential pitfalls. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 63: 1679–1688.
[36]  Adamo SA (2004) Estimating disease resistance in insects: phenoloxidase and lysozyme-like activity and disease resistance in the cricket Gryllus texensis. Journal of Insect Physiology 50: 209–216.
[37]  Schneider PM (1985) Purification and properties of 3 lysozymes from hemolymph of the cricket, Gryllus-Bimaculatus (DeGeer). . Insect Biochemistry 15: 463–470.
[38]  Loher W (1974) Circadian control of spermatophore formation in cricket Teleogryllus commodus Walker. Journal of Insect Physiology 20: 1155–1172.
[39]  Loher W, Rence B (1978) Mating behavior of Teleogryllus commodus (Walker) and its central and peripheral control. Zeitschrift Fur Tierpsychologie-Journal of Comparative Ethology 46: 225–259.
[40]  Reinhardt K, Siva-Jothy MT (2005) An advantage for young sperm in the house cricket Acheta domesticus. American Naturalist 165: 718–723.
[41]  Lewis Z, Sasaki H, Miyatake T (2011) Sex starved: do resource-limited males ensure fertilization success at the expense of precopulatory mating success? Animal Behaviour 81: 579–583.
[42]  Engqvist L (2011) Male attractiveness is negatively genetically associated with investment in copulations. Behavioral Ecology 22: 345–349.
[43]  Klaus SP, Fitzsimmons LP, Pitcher TE, Bertram SM (2011) Song and Sperm in Crickets: A Trade-off between Pre- and Post-copulatory Traits or Phenotype-Linked Fertility? Ethology 117: 154–162.
[44]  Evans JP (2010) Quantitative genetic evidence that males trade attractiveness for ejaculate quality in guppies. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 277: 3195–3201.
[45]  Simmons LW, Tinghitella RM, Zuk M (2010) Quantitative genetic variation in courtship song and its covariation with immune function and sperm quality in the field cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus. Behavioral Ecology 21: 1330–1336.
[46]  Simmons LW (2001) Sperm competition and its evolutionary consequences in the insects. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
[47]  Thomas ML, Simmons LW (2009) Male dominance influences pheromone expression, ejaculate quality, and fertilization success in the Australian field cricket, Teleogryllus oceanicus. Behavioral Ecology 20: 1118–1124.
[48]  Sheldon BC, Verhulst S (1996) Ecological immunology: costly parasite defences and trade-offs in evolutionary ecology. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 11: 317–321.
[49]  Harshman LG, Zera AJ (2006) The cost of reproduction: the devil in the details. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 22: 80–86.
[50]  Simmons LW (2011) Resource allocation trade-off between spermquality and immunity in the field cricket,Teleogryllus oceanicus. Behavioral Ecology. doi:10.1093/beheco/arr170.

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133