全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...
PLOS ONE  2012 

Cognitive and Psychological Reactions of the General Population Three Months After the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031014

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

Background The largest earthquake on record in Japan (magnitude 9.0) occurred on March 11, 2011, and the subsequent tsunami devastated the Pacific coast of Northern Japan. These further triggered the Fukushima I nuclear power plant accidents. Such a hugely complex disaster inevitably has negative psychological effects on general populations as well as on the direct victims. While previous disaster studies enrolled descriptive approaches focusing on direct victims, the structure of the psychological adjustment process of people from the general population has remained uncertain. The current study attempted to establish a path model that sufficiently reflects the early psychological adaptation process of the general population to large-scale natural disasters. Methods and Findings Participants from the primary disaster area (n = 1083) and other areas (n = 2372) voluntarily participated in an online questionnaire study. By constructing path models using a structural equation model procedure (SEM), we examined the structural relationship among psychological constructs known related to disasters. As post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTS) were significantly more present in people in the primarily affected area than in those in secondary- or non-affected areas, the path models were constructed for the primary victims. The parsimoniously depicted model with the best fit was achieved for the psychological-adjustment centered model with quality of life (QoL) as a final outcome. Conclusion The paths to QoL via negative routes (from negative cognitive appraisal, PTS, and general stress) were dominant, suggesting the importance of clinical intervention for reducing negative cognitive appraisal, and for caring for general stress and PTS to maintain QoL at an early stage of psychological adaptation to a disaster. The model also depicted the presence of a positive route where positive cognitive appraisal facilitates post-traumatic growth (PTG) to achieve a higher QoL, suggesting the potential importance of positive psychological preventive care for unexpected natural disasters.

References

[1]  U. S. Geological Survey (2011) Magnitude 9.0 - near the east coast of Honsyu, Japan. Available: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/e?qinthenews/2011/usc0001xgp/#summary. Accessed 2012 Jan 8.
[2]  Norrris FH, Friedman MJ, Watson PJ, Byrne CM, Diaz E, et al. (2002) 60,000 Disaster victims speak: Part I. An empirical review of the empirical literature, 1981–2001. Psychiatry 65: 207–239.
[3]  Kutz I, Dekel R (2006) Follow-up of victims of one terrorist attack in Israel: ASD, PTSD and the perceived threat of Iraqi missile attacks. Pers Indiv Differ 40: 1579–1589.
[4]  Nemeroff CB, Bremner JD, Foa EB, Mayberg HS, North CS, et al. (2006) Posttraumatic stress disorder: a state-of-the-science review. J Psychiatr Res 40: 1–21.
[5]  Ford E, Ayers S, Bradley R (2010) Exploration of a cognitive model to predict post-traumatic stress symptoms following childbirth. J Anxiety Disord 24: 353–359.
[6]  Karatzias T, Chouliara Z (2009) Cognitive appraisals and physical health in people with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Med Hypotheses 72: 444–447.
[7]  Cao H, Alxander C, Mcfarlane S (2003) Prevalence of psychiatric disorder following the 1988 Yun Nan (China) earthquake. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 38: 204–212.
[8]  Chen C, Lin S, Tang H, Shen W, Lu M (2001) The Chinese version of the Davidson Trauma Scale: a practice test for validation. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 55: 493–499.
[9]  Goto T, Wilson JP (2003) A review of the history of traumatic stress studies in Japan: from traumatic neurosis to PTSD. Trauma Violence Abuse 4: 195–209.
[10]  Kokai M, Fujii S, Shinfuku N, Edwards G (2004) Natural disaster and mental health in Asia. Psychiaty Clin Neurosci 58: 110–116.
[11]  Liu A, Tan H, Zhou J, Li S, Yang T, et al. (2006) An epidemiologic study of posttraumatic stress disorder in flood victims in Hunan China. Can J Psychiatry 51: 350–354.
[12]  Kun P, Chen X, Han S, Gong X, Chen M, et al. (2009) Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in Sichuan Province, China after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Public Health 123: 703–707.
[13]  Zlotnick C, Franklin CL, Zimmerman M (2002) Does subthreshold posttraumatic stress disorder have any clinical relevance? Compr Psychiatry 43: 413–419.
[14]  Norris F, Friedman J, Watson P (2002) 60,000 Disaster victims speak: part II. summary and implicatoin s of the disaster mental health research. Psychiatry 65: 240–260.
[15]  Baum A, Frederick CJ, Frieze Ih, Shneidman ES, Wortman CB (1987) Cataclysms, crises, and catastrophes: Psychology in action. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
[16]  Galea S, Ahern J, Resnick H, Kilpatrick D, Bucuvalas M, et al. (2002) Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City. N Eng J Med 346: 982–987.
[17]  Tedeschi RG, Calhoun LG, Cann A (2007) Evaluating resource gain: understanding and misunderstanding posttraumatic growth. Appl Psychol 56: 396–406.
[18]  Sumalla EC, Ochoa C, Blanco I (2009) Posttraumatic growth in cancer: reality or illusion? Clin Psychol Rev 29: 24–33.
[19]  Rajandram RK, Jenewein J, McGrath CPJ, Zwahlen RA (2010) Posttraumatic growth: a novel concept in oral cavity cancer care? Oral Oncol 46: 791–794.
[20]  Dekel R, Nuttman-Shwartz O (2009) Posttraumatic stress and growth: the contribution of cognitive appraisal and sense of belonging to the country. Health Soc Work 34: 87–96.
[21]  Zoellner T, Maercker A (2006) Posttraumatic growth in clinical psychology — a critical review and introduction of a two component model. Clin Psychol Rev 26: 626–653.
[22]  Nishi D, Matsuoka Y, Kim Y (2010) Posttraumatic growth, posttraumatic stress disorder and resilience of motor vehicle accident survivors. Biopsychosoc Med 4: 7.
[23]  Stanton A, Bower J, Low C (2006) Posttraumatic growth after cancer. In: Calhoun LG, Tedeschi RG, editors. Handbook of posttraumatic growth: research and practice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawarence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. pp. 138–175.
[24]  Xu J, Liao Q (2011) Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic growth among adult survivors one year following 2008 Sichuan earthquake. J Affect Disord 133: 274–280.
[25]  Lazarus RS, DeLongis A, Folkman S, Gruen R (1985) Stress and adaptational outcomes: the problem of confounded measures. Am Psychol 40: 770–779.
[26]  Dysvik E, Natvig GK, Eikeland OJ, Lindstr?m TC (2005) Coping with chronic pain. Int J Nurs Stud 42: 297–305.
[27]  Joksimovic L, Starke D, v d Knesebeck O, Siegrist J (2002) Perceived work stress, overcommitment, and self-reported musculoskeletal pain: a cross-sectional investigation. Int J Behav Med 9: 122–138.
[28]  Jones DA, Rollman GB, White KP, Hill ML, Brooke RI (2003) The relationship between cognitive appraisal, affect, and catastrophizing in patients with chronic pain. J Pain 4: 267–277.
[29]  Unruh AR, OT. Judith RN, Merskey HDM (1999) Does gender affect appraisal of pain and pain coping strategies? Clin J Pain 15: 31–40.
[30]  Vlaeyen J, Linton S (2000) Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a state of the art. Pain 85: 317–332.
[31]  Ehlers A, Steil R (1995) Maintenance of intrusive memories in posttraumatic stress disorder: a cognitive approach. Behav Cogn Psychother 23: 217–249.
[32]  Norberg MM, Diefenbach GJ, Tolin DF (2008) Quality of life and anxiety and depressive disorder comorbidity. J Anxiety Disord 22: 1516–1522.
[33]  Johansen VA, Wahl AK, Eilertsen D, Weisaeth L, Hanestad BR (2007) The predictive value of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms for quality of life: a longitudinal study of physically injured victims of non-domestic violence. Health Qual Life Outcomes 5: 26.
[34]  Tsai K, Chou P, Chou F, Su T, Lin S, et al. (2007) Three-year follow-up study of the relationship between posttraumatic stress symptoms and quality of life among earthquake survivors in Yu-Chi, Taiwan. J Psychiatr Res 41: 90–96.
[35]  Guan B, Deng Y, Cohen P, Chen H (2011) Relative impact of Axis I mental disorders on quality of life among adults in the community. J Affect Disord 131: 293–298.
[36]  Noble AJ, Baisch S, Schenk T, Mendelow AD, Allen L, et al. (2008) Posttraumatic stress disorder explains reduced quality of life in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients in both the short and long term. Neurosurgery 63: 1095–1105.
[37]  Morrill EF, Brewer NT, O'Neill SC, Lillie SE, Dees EC, et al. (2008) The interaction of post-traumatic growth and post-traumatic stress symptoms in predicting depressive symptoms and quality of life. Psychooncology 17: 948–953.
[38]  Kocalevent RD, Levenstein S, Fliege H, Schmid G, Hinz A, et al. (2007) Contribution to the construct validity of the Perceived Stress Questionnaire from a population-based survey. J Psychosom Res 63: 71–81.
[39]  Joseph S, Wood A (2010) Assessment of positive functioning in clinical psychology: Theoretical and practical issues. Clin Psychol Rev 30: 830–838.
[40]  Wang X, Gao L, Zhang H, Zhao C, Shen Y, et al. (2000) Post-earthquake quality of life and psychological well-being: Longitudinal evaluation in a rural community sample in northern China. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 54: 427–433.
[41]  Xie XF, Wang M, Zhang RG, Li J, Yu QY (2011) The role of emotions in risk communication. Risk Anal 31: 450–465.
[42]  Sutherland HJ, Lockwood GA, Tritchler DL, Sem F, Brooks L, et al. (1991) Communicating probabilistic information to cancer patients: is there ‘noise’ on the line? Soc Sci Med 32: 725–731.
[43]  Horrowitz M, Wilner N, Alvarez W (1979) Impact of Event Scale: a measure of subjective stress. Psychosom Med 41: 209–218.
[44]  Asukai N, Kato H, Kawamura N, Kim Y, Yamamoto K, et al. (2002) Reliability and validity of the Japanese-language version of the impact of event scale-revised (IES-R-J): four studies of different traumatic events. J Nerv Ment Dis 190: 175–182.
[45]  Dougall A, Hayward M, Baum A (2005) Media exposure to bioterrorism: stress and the anthrax attacks. Psychiatry 68: 28–42.
[46]  World Health Organization (1993) WHOQoL Study Protocol. Geneva: WHO.
[47]  Tazaki M, Nakane M (1997) WHOQOL 26 Manual Revised. Tokyo: Kaneko Shobou Pub (in Japanese).
[48]  Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R (1983) A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav 24: 385–396.
[49]  Iwahasi S, Tanaka Y, Fukudo S, Hongo M (2002) The development of the Japanese version for the Perceived Stress Scale. Jpn J Pyschosom Med 42: 459–466.
[50]  Tsutsumi A, Tsutsumi K, Kayaba K, Igarashi M (1998) Health-related behaviors, social support, and community morale. Int J Behav Med 5: 166–182.
[51]  Tedeschi RG, Calhoun L (1996) The posttraumatic growth inventory: measuring the positive legacy of trauma. J Trauma Stress 9: 455–471.
[52]  Taku K, Calhoun LG, Tedeschi RG, Gil-Rivas V, Kilmer RP, et al. (2007) Examining posttraumatic growth among Japanese university students. Anxiety Stress Coping 20: 353–367.
[53]  Kessler TA (1998) The Cognitive Appraisal of Health Scale: development and psychometric evaluation. Res Nurs Health 21: 73–83.
[54]  Zigmond AS, Snaith RP (1993) Hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychitr Scand 67: 361–370.
[55]  Hatta H, Higashi A, Yashiro H, Ozasa K, Hayashi K, et al. (1998) A validatoin of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Jpn J Psychosom Med 38: 309–315.
[56]  Tabachnik B, Fidell L (2007) Using multivariate statistics. New York: Allyn and Bacon.
[57]  Mertler C, Vanatta R (2008) Advanced and multivariate statistical methods (3rd ed.). Glendale: Pyrczak Publishing.
[58]  Bentler P (1988) Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychol Bull 107: 238–246.
[59]  Tanaka J, Huba GJ (1989) A general coefficient of determination for covariance structure models under arbitrary GLS estimation. Br J Math Stat Psychol 42: 233–239.
[60]  Akaike H (1987) Factor analysis and AIC. Psychometrika 52: 317–332.
[61]  Bozdogen H (1987) Model selection and Akaike's information criteria (AIC): the general theory and its analytical extensions. Psychometrika 52: 345–370.
[62]  Galea S, Nandi A, Vlahov D (2005) The epidemiology of post-traumatic stress disorder after disasters. Epidemiol Rev 27: 78–91.
[63]  Nunnally J, Bernstein IH (1994) Psychometric theory (3rd Ed.). New York: Allyn and Bacon.
[64]  Mueser KT, Rosenberg SD, Rosenberg HJ (2009) Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in special populations: a cognitive restructuring program. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
[65]  Brewin CR, Holmes EA (2003) Psychological theories of posttraumatic stress disorder. Clin Psychol Rev 23: 339–376.
[66]  McAllister M, McKinnon J (2009) The importance of teaching and learning resilience in the health disciplines: a critical review of the literature. Nurse Educ Today 29: 371–379.
[67]  Novotney A (2009) Strong in mind and body. Monitor Psychol 40: 40–43.
[68]  Thompson KE, Vasterling JJ, Benotsch EG, Brailey K, Constans J, et al. (2004) Early symptom predictors of chronic distress in Gulf War veterans. J Nerv Ment Dis 192: 146–152.
[69]  Cann A, Calhoun LG, Tedeschi RG, Solomon DT (2010) Posttraumatic growth and depreciation as independent experiences and predictors of well-being. J Loss Trauma 15: 151–166.
[70]  Yu XN, Lau JTF, Zhang J, Mak WWS, Choi KC, et al. (2010) Posttraumatic growth and reduced suicidal ideation among adolescents at month 1 after the Sichuan Earthquake. J Affect Disord 123: 327–331.
[71]  Calhoun LG, Tedeschi RG (2006) The foundations of posttraumatic growth: an expanded framework. In: Calhoun LG, Tedeschi RG, editors. Handbook of posttraumatic growth: research and practice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawarence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. pp. 1–23.
[72]  Park CL (2010) Making sense of the meaning literature: An integrative review of meaning making its effects on adjustment to stressful life events. Psychol Bull 136: 257–301.
[73]  McMillen JC, Smith EM, Fisher RH (1997) Perceived benefit and mental health after three types of disaster. J Consult Clin Psychol 65: 733–739.
[74]  Ross MW, M?nsson SA, Daneback K, Cooper A, Tikkanen R (2005) Biases in internet sexual health samples: comparison of an internet sexuality survey and a national sexual health survey in Sweden. Soc Sci Med 61: 245–252.
[75]  Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communication (2011) White paper 2011, Information and Communication in Japan. Available: http://www.soumu.go.jp/johotsusintokei/w?hitepaper/eng/WP2011/2011-index.html. Accessed 2012 Jan 8.
[76]  Setoyama J (2011) Higashinihon daishinsai ni okeru jyohotsushin bunya no omona torikumi (Major efforts of information and communication fields regarding the Great East Japan Earthquake). Rippo to Chosa (legislation and investigation) 317: 44–55. (in Japanese). Available: http://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/annai/?chousa/rippou_chousa/backnumber/2011pdf/?20110601044.pdf#search. Accessed 2012 Jan 8.

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133