全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...
PLOS ONE  2012 

Wildfires in Bamboo-Dominated Amazonian Forest: Impacts on Above-Ground Biomass and Biodiversity

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033373

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

Fire has become an increasingly important disturbance event in south-western Amazonia. We conducted the first assessment of the ecological impacts of these wildfires in 2008, sampling forest structure and biodiversity along twelve 500 m transects in the Chico Mendes Extractive Reserve, Acre, Brazil. Six transects were placed in unburned forests and six were in forests that burned during a series of forest fires that occurred from August to October 2005. Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) calculations, based on Landsat reflectance data, indicate that all transects were similar prior to the fires. We sampled understorey and canopy vegetation, birds using both mist nets and point counts, coprophagous dung beetles and the leaf-litter ant fauna. Fire had limited influence upon either faunal or floral species richness or community structure responses, and stems <10 cm DBH were the only group to show highly significant (p = 0.001) community turnover in burned forests. Mean aboveground live biomass was statistically indistinguishable in the unburned and burned plots, although there was a significant increase in the total abundance of dead stems in burned plots. Comparisons with previous studies suggest that wildfires had much less effect upon forest structure and biodiversity in these south-western Amazonian forests than in central and eastern Amazonia, where most fire research has been undertaken to date. We discuss potential reasons for the apparent greater resilience of our study plots to wildfire, examining the role of fire intensity, bamboo dominance, background rates of disturbance, landscape and soil conditions.

References

[1]  Aragao LEOC, Shimabukuro YE (2010) The Incidence of Fire in Amazonian Forests with Implications for REDD. Science 328: 1275–1278.
[2]  Barlow J, Peres CA (2008) Fire-mediated dieback and compositional cascade in an Amazonian forest. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 363: 1787–1794.
[3]  Cochrane MA, Alencar A, Schulze MD, Souza CM, Nepstad DC, et al. (1999) Positive feedbacks in the fire dynamic of closed canopy tropical forests. Science 284: 1832–1835.
[4]  Uhl C, Buschbacher R (1985) A Disturbing Synergism between Cattle Ranch Burning Practices and Selective Tree Harvesting in the Eastern Amazon. Biotropica 17: 265–268.
[5]  Barlow J, Peres C (2006) Consequences of cryptic and recurring fire disturbances for ecosystem structure and biodiversity in Amazonian forests. In: Laurance WF, Peres CA, editors. Emerging threats to tropical forests. Chicago University Press. pp. 225–240.
[6]  Barlow J, Peres CA (2004) Ecological responses to El Ni?o-induced surface fires in central Amazonia: Management implications for flammable tropical forests. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 359: 367–380.
[7]  Cochrane MA, Schulze MD (1999) Fire as a recurrent event in tropical forests of the eastern Amazon: Effects on forest structure, biomass, and species composition. Biotropica 31: 2–16.
[8]  Adeney JM, Ginsberg JR, Russell GJ, Kinnaird MF (2006) Effects of an ENSO-related fire on birds of a lowland tropical forest in Sumatra. Animal conservation 9: 292–301.
[9]  Barlow J, Peres CA (2004) Avifaunal responses to single and recurrent wildfires in Amazonian forests. Ecological Applications 14: 1358–1373.
[10]  Slik JWF, Van Balen S (2006) Bird community changes in response to single and repeated fires in a lowland tropical rainforest of eastern Borneo. Biodiversity and Conservation 15: 4425–4451.
[11]  Barlow J, Peres CA (2006) Effects of single and recurrent wildfires on fruit production and large vertebrate abundance in a central Amazonian forest. Biodiversity and Conservation 15: 985–1012.
[12]  Silveira JM, Barlow J, Louzada JNC, Moutinho P (2010) Factors Affecting the Abundance of Leaf-Litter Arthropods in Unburned and Thrice-Burned Seasonally-Dry Amazonian Forests. PlosONE 5: e12877. doi:12810.11371/journal.pone.0012877.
[13]  Fredericksen NJ, Fredericksen TS (2002) Terrestrial wildlife responses to logging and fire in a Bolivian tropical humid forest. Biodiversity and Conservation 11: 27–38.
[14]  Marengo JA, Nobre CA, Tomasella J, Oyama MD, De Oliveira GS, et al. (2008) The drought of Amazonia in 2005. Journal of Climate 21: 495–516.
[15]  Lewis SL, Brando PM, Phillips OL, van der Heijden GMF, Nepstad D (2011) The 2010 Amazon Drought. Science 331: 554–554.
[16]  Aragao L, Malhi Y, Roman-Cuesta RM, Saatchi S, Anderson LO, et al. (2007) Spatial patterns and fire response of recent Amazonian droughts. Geophysical Research Letters 34:
[17]  Shimabukuro YE, Duarte V, Arai E, de Freitas RM, Valeriano DD, et al. (2006) Fraction Images Derived From Terra MODIS Data for Mapping Burned Area in Acre State, Brazilian Amazonia. pp. 4161–4164. 2006 Ieee International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vols 1–8.
[18]  Hoorn C, Wesselingh FP, ter Steege H, Bermudez MA, Mora A, et al. (2010) Amazonia Through Time: Andean Uplift, Climate Change, Landscape Evolution, and Biodiversity. Science 330: 927–931.
[19]  Malhi Y, Aragao L, Galbraith D, Huntingford C, Fisher R, et al. (2009) Exploring the likelihood and mechanism of a climate-change-induced dieback of the Amazon rainforest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106: 20610–20615.
[20]  Phillips OL, Baker TR, Arroyo L, Higuchi N, Killeen TJ, et al. (2004) Pattern and process in Amazon tree turnover, 1976–2001. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 359: 381–407.
[21]  Malhi Y, Baker TR, Phillips OL, Almeida S, Alvarez E, et al. (2004) The above-ground coarse wood productivity of 104 Neotropical forest plots. Global Change Biology 10: 563–591.
[22]  Malhi Y, Wood D, Baker TR, Wright J, Phillips OL, et al. (2006) The regional variation of aboveground live biomass in old-growth Amazonian forests. Global Change Biology 12: 1107–1138.
[23]  Laurance WF, Ferreira LV, Rankin-De Merona JM, Laurance SG (1998) Rain forest fragmentation and the dynamics of Amazonian tree communities. Ecology 79: 2032–2040.
[24]  Phillips OL, Rose S, Mendoza AM, Vargas PN (2006) Resilience of southwestern Amazon forests to anthropogenic edge effects. Conservation Biology 20: 1698–1710.
[25]  Chao KJ, Phillips OL, Gloor E, Monteagudo A, Torres-Lezama A, et al. (2008) Growth and wood density predict tree mortality in Amazon forests. Journal of Ecology 96: 281–292.
[26]  Barlow J, Peres CA, Lagan BO, Haugaasen T (2003) Large tree mortality and the decline of forest biomass following Amazonian wildfires. Ecology Letters 6: 6–8.
[27]  Smith M, Nelson BW (2011) Fire favours expansion of bamboo-dominated forests in the south-west Amazon. Journal of Tropical Ecology 27: 59–64.
[28]  Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, da Fonseca GAB, Kent J (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: 853–858.
[29]  Keeley JE, Bond WJ (1999) Mast flowering and semelparity in bamboos: The bamboo fire cycle hypothesis. American Naturalist 154: 383–391.
[30]  Phillips OL, Aragao L, Lewis SL, Fisher JB, Lloyd J, et al. (2009) Drought Sensitivity of the Amazon Rainforest. Science 323: 1344–1347.
[31]  Sombroek W (2001) Spatial and temporal patterns of Amazon rainfall - Consequences for the planning of agricultural occupation and the protection of primary forests. Ambio 30: 388–396.
[32]  Numata I, Cochrane MA, Galv?o LS (2011) Analyzing the impacts of frequency and severity of forest fire on the recovery of disturbed forest using Landsat time series and EO-1 Hyperion in the Southern Brazilian Amazon. Earth Interactions 14: 1–17.
[33]  Halffter G, Favila M (1993) The Scarabeinae (Insecta: Coleoptera) an animal group for analyzing, inventorying and monitoring biodiversity in tropical rainforest and modified landscapes. Biology International 27: 15–21.
[34]  Andrade R, Barlow J, Louzada J, Vaz-de-Mello FZ, Souza M, et al. (2011) Quantifying Responses of Dung Beetles to Fire Disturbance in Tropical Forests: The Importance of Trapping Method and Seasonality. PlosONE 6(10): e26208. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026208.
[35]  Barlow J, Mestre LAM, Gardner TA, Peres CA (2007) The value of primary, secondary and plantation forests for Amazonian birds. Biological Conservation 136: 212–231.
[36]  Colwell RK (2004) Estimates: statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples. Version 7. User's guide and application published at: http://viceroy.eeb.uconn.edu/estimates.
[37]  Magurran AE (2004) Measuring Biological Diversity. Victoria: Wiley-Blackwell. 260 p.
[38]  Anderson MJ, Crist TO, Chase JM, Vellend M, Inouye BD, et al. (2011) Navigating the multiple meanings of beta diversity: a roadmap for the practicing ecologist. Ecology Letters 14: 19–28.
[39]  Chase JM, Kraft NJB, Smith KG, Vellend M, Inouye BD (2011) Using null models to disentangle variation in community dissimilarity from variation in alpha-diversity. Ecosphere 2: art24. doi:101890/ES10-001171.
[40]  Dufrene M, Legendre P (1997) Species assemblages and indicator species: The need for a flexible asymmetrical approach. Ecological Monographs 67: 345–366.
[41]  McCune B, Mefford MJ (1999) PC-ORD. Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data Version 4.0. Oregon: MjM Software.
[42]  R (Development Core Team 2008)R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
[43]  Louzada JNC, Lima A, Matavelli R, Lima LZ, Barlow J (2010) Community structure of dung beetles in Amazonian savannas: role of fire disturbance, vegetation and landscape structure. Landscape Ecology 25: 631–641.
[44]  Barlow J, Lagan BO, Peres CA (2003) Morphological correlates of fire-induced tree mortality in a central Amazonian forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology 19: 291–299.
[45]  Siegert F, Ruecker G, Hinrichs A, Hoffmann AA (2001) Increased damage from fires in logged forests during droughts caused by El Nino. Nature 414: 437–440.
[46]  Gerwing JJ (2002) Degradation of forests through logging and fire in the eastern Brazilian Amazon. Forest Ecology and Management 157: 131–141.
[47]  Pinard MA, Lutz FE, Licona JC (1999) Tree mortality and vine proliferation following a wildfire in a subhumid tropical forest in eastern Bolivia. Forest Ecology and Management 116: 247–252.
[48]  Holdsworth AR, Uhl C (1997) Fire in Amazonian selectively logged rain forest and the potential for fire reduction. Ecological Applications 7: 713–725.
[49]  Barlow J, Lagan BO, Peres CA (2003) Morphological correlates of fire-induced tree mortality in a central Amazonian forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology 19: 291–299.
[50]  Balch JK, Nepstad DC, Curran LM, Brando PM, Portela O, et al. (2011) Size, species, and fire behavior predict tree and liana mortality from experimental burns in the Brazilian Amazon. Forest Ecology and Management 261: 68–77.
[51]  Turner MG, Romme WH, Gardner RH, Hargrove WW (1997) Effects of fire size and pattern on early succession in Yellowstone National Park. Ecological Monographs 67: 411–433.
[52]  Haugaasen T, Barlow J, Peres CA (2003) Surface wildfires in central Amazonia: short-term impact on forest structure and carbon loss. Forest Ecology and Management 179: 321–331.
[53]  Mayle FE, Power MJ (2008) Impact of a drier Early-Mid-Holocene climate upon Amazonian forests. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 363: 1829–1838.
[54]  Bush MB, Silman MR, McMichael C, Saatchi S (2008) Fire, climate change and biodiversity in Amazonia: a Late-Holocene perspective. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 363: 1795–1802.
[55]  Clark DB, Clark DA (1996) Abundance, growth and mortality of very large trees in neotropical lowland rain forest. Forest Ecology and Management 80: 235–244.
[56]  Certini G (2005) Effects of fire on properties of forest soils: a review. Oecologia 143: 1–10.
[57]  Odion DC, Davis FW (2000) Fire, soil heating, and the formation of vegetation patterns in chaparral. Ecological Monographs 70: 149–169.
[58]  Gardner TA, Barlow J, Chazdon R, Ewers R, Harvey C, et al. (2009) Prospects for tropical forest biodiversity human in a modified world. . Ecology Letters 12: 561–582.
[59]  Araujo LS (2008) Patterns and conditioning factors of landscape dynamic at the bamboo forests from Intervales State Park, SP. Piracicaba: Universidade de S?o Paulo (USP). 126 p.
[60]  Griscom BW, Ashton PMS (2006) A self-perpetuating bamboo disturbance cycle in a neotropical forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology 22: 587–597.
[61]  Kratter AW (1997) Bamboo specialization by Amazonian birds. Biotropica 29: 100–110.
[62]  Santana CR, Anjos L (2010) On the association of birds to bamboo stands in Southern brazilian Atlantic Forest. Biota Neotropical 10:

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133